69 TOURISM-LED GROWTH AND GRANGER CAUSALITY: ISSUES ON PUBLICATION BIAS 5PUV -VUZLJH Superior School of Technology and Management Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo UPUVTM'LZ[NPW]JW[ 4HYJLSPUV :mUJOLa 9P]LYV Faculty of Economics and Business Sciences University of Extremadura ZHUYP]LY'\UL_LZ  Abstract >L WYLZLU[ [OL THPU ﾄUKPUNZ VM H YLZLHYJO WYVQLJ[ JVUJLYULK ^P[O [OL Z[\K` VM [OL WYLZLUJL VM W\ISPJH[PVU IPHZ HUK ZPNUPﾄJHUJL IPHZ PU [OL SP[LYH[\YL VU [OL YLSH[PVUZOPWZ between tourism and economic growth by means of tests of Granger causality. We aim at giving answers to three related research questions: (1) Is there evidence of a preference for the publication of studies tending to the validation of any of the Granger causal hypotheses between tourism and economic activity? (2) Is there evidence of a preference MVY [OL W\ISPJH[PVU VM Z[H[PZ[PJHSS` ZPNUPﾄJHU[ YLZ\S[Z PUKLWLUKLU[S` VM [OL .YHUNLY JH\ZHS direction detected? (3) Do the results of this line of research represent a genuine empirical association between tourism and income? The answers found are, respectively, “yes”, ｸ`LZｹ HUK ｸUVｹ ;VNL[OLY ^P[O [OL HKKP[PVUHS ﾄUKPUN [OH[ ZVTL TL[OVKVSVNPJHS JOVPJLZ are correlated with the size of the empirical effects, we conclude that there are reasons to mistrust the typical methodological approaches followed by the literature reviewed, which cast doubt on its usual implications for economic policy. Nevertheless, purged from bias, ^L JVUﾄYT WYL]PV\Z HZZLY[PVUZ [OH[ [OL ]HYPHIPSP[` VM [OL LTWPYPJHS LMMLJ[Z JHU IL L_WSHPULK by the degree of tourism specialization, by the level of economic development and by the size of the countries analyzed.