Transnational Normative Struggles and Globalization: The Case of Indigenous Peoples in Bolivia and Ecuador PAMELA MARTIN & FRANKE WILMER Coastal Carolina University, USA Montana State University, USA ABSTRACT Since the 1990s, the indigenous rights movement has catapulted from resource- poor, local activists to global activists. The rise of transnational indigenous rights movements has paralleled and interfaced with significant structural developments at the international and state-systemic level, raising questions about the interplay between global and local politics as arenas of social change. To trace these transnational networks to the articulation of norms supportive of indigenous claims, we examine two cases of transnational indigenous activism and domestic responses in the Andean region of South America. We find that the additional dimension of domestic and transnational mobilization that first contests existing international norms, such as neoliberalism and individual rights, and then seeks to diffuse normative changes at both the domestic and international levels provides new insight about norm formation, transformation, and diffusion in international politics in favor of anti- globalization and community equality norms on local, national, and global levels. Desde la de ´cada de 1990, el movimiento de los derechos de los indı ´genas paso ´ del nivel de activistas locales de bajos recursos al nivel de activistas globales. El surgimiento de los movimientos trasnacionales de derechos de los indı ´genas se ha puesto en un plano paralelo e integrado con desarrollos estructurales importantes al nivel sistema ´tico estatal e internacional, presentando inquietudes sobre la interaccio ´n entre las polı ´ticas globales y locales como terrenos de cambio social. Para encontrar esas redes trasnacionales para la articulacio ´n de normas que apoyan las demandas indı ´genas, analizamos dos casos de activismo indı ´gena trasnacional y las respuestas dome ´sticas en la regio ´n andina de Surame ´rica. Encontramos que la dimensio ´n adicional a la movilizacio ´n dome ´stica y trasnacional que en un principio contiende las normas internacionales existentes, tales como el neoliberalismo y los derechos individuales y que luego busca difundir cambios normativos tanto a nivel dome ´stico como internacional, provee un entendimiento Correspondence Address: Pamela Martin, Department of Politics & Geography, Coastal Carolina University, PO. Box 261954, Conway, SC 29528-6054, USA. Email: plmartin@coastal.edu; Franke Wilmer, Professor of Political Science, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172240, Bozeman, MT 59717-2240, USA. Email: franke@montana.edu ISSN 1474-7731 Print/ ISSN 1474-774X Online/ 08/ 040583–16 # 2008 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/14747730802500257 Globalizations December 2008, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 583–598