T he aim of the third United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal, dedicated to “Good Health and Well-Being,” is that all people can access the health services they need without facing financial hardship. The goal has three targets: 1) 1 billion more people should benefit from universal health coverage, 2) 1 billion more people should be better protected from health emergencies, and 3) 1 billion more people should enjoy better health and well-being (World Health Organization, 2018). 21 Artificial in- telligence (AI) is generally acknowl- edged as an important component in achieving these three targets. Medical AI dates to the early 1970s, when the AI community was fasci- nated by the possibilities of applica- tions in the medical domain. 1 The field went through cycles of great achieve- ments, followed by inflated expecta- tion and then huge disappointment (“AI winter”). Due to the big success of statistical data-driven machine learning, we are experiencing another “AI spring,” with great enthusiasm and excitement in the medical community. The availabil- ity of very large data sets in (precision) medicine and recent developments in statistical machine learning, particularly deep learning, have led to impressive results, with machines The Ten Commandments of Ethical Medical AI Heimo Müller, Medical University Graz Michaela Theresia Mayrhofer, BBMRI-ERIC Evert-Ben Van Veen, MLC Foundation Andreas Holzinger, Medical University Graz We propose ten commandments as practical guidelines for those applying artificial intelligence to provide a concise checklist to a wide group of stakeholders. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MC.2021.3074263 Date of current version: 1 July 2021 EDITOR HSIAO-YING LIN hsiaoying.lin@gmail.com ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE/ MACHINE LEARNING COMPUTER 0018-9162/21©2021IEEE PUBLISHED BY THE IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY JULY 2021 119