HUMANEVOLUTION Vol. 10 - N. 4 (283-287)- 1995 P. Ruliang P. Yanzhang Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences The People's Republic of China, Kunming, Yumnnan, 650223 Key words: Fossil macaque (Macaca anderssoni), Stump-tailedmacaque (M. arctoides), Body size, Evolution. Body Size of Macaca anderssoni and its Offspring In order to estimate body size of fossil macaque, Macaca anderssoni, the molar specimens of M. anderssoni were com- pared morphometrically with those of M. arctoides (including M. thibetana), M. assamensis and M. mulattta. The multivariate analysis, Star Symbol Plots, demontrated that, compared to other macaque species, molar morphology of M. anderssoni is more silmilar to that ofM. arctoides likelihood the reults rely- ing on the morphological description. Based on the predictive equation derived from M. arctoides, body weight of M. anderssoni is 8.93+ 1.49 kg, which is significantly larger than it offspring, M. arctoides. The change of body size from M. anderssoni to M. arctoides were postlated to be associated with the glaciation happened at Pleistocene and the change of the landscape from Pleistocene to present time in East Asian. Body size of the animals is an important factor in morphological study as well as evolution. Unfortunately, sometimes it is very difficulty or impossible to get data about body weight from specimens available. So estimation of body size, both from extant and extinct primates, with other characters or dimensions is a appropriated methods utilized by many anthropologist and primatologists (Kay, 1975; Gould, 1975; Pilbeam and Gould, 1974; Hylander, 1975; Wood, 1979; Pifie, 1978; Holloway, 1983). Fossil Old World monkey first appeared about the early Miocene in Asian, approximately the same time of apes in the same area. Fossil Cercopithecinae found in China includes two genera Procynocephalus and Macaca. Macaca is more widely distributed through China in the depositions from Late Pliocene to Holocene (Pan and Jablonski, 1987; Jolly, 1967; Delson, 1977, 1978; Jablonski, 1990). They are generally compounded two groups, the first one includes Macaca anderssoni and M. robusta, found at the age of Early Pleistocene (Delson 1980; Jablonski, 1990; Pan and Jablonski, 1987). The second one is more souther in distribution inferred as Macaca sp. The maxillary and dental remainders of M. anderssoni scattered in Henan province is comparable in size to larger modern macaques, M. thibetana and M. arctoides. M. robusta was obtained in the deposits of Choukoutan and Koloshan, nearly Beijing (Teilhard, 1938), However, some researchers pointed out that M. robusta and M. anderssoni are so close on dental and gnathic morphology, that they cannot be distinguished at the species level (Fleagle, 1988; Delson, 1980; Jablonski and Pan, 1988). Another subfossil, M. speciosa was found from Tung-Lan, northern Vietnam (Jouffory 1959, cited from Delson, 1980). It has been postulated to resemble M. thibetana or M. arctoides, or M. anderssoni. For sake of convenience these two fossil taxa are referred as M. anderssoni (Jablonski and Pan 1988). Other fragmentary fossil macaques in China was considered the youngest one that may be mostly correlated with modern M. mulatta. M. thibetana and M. arctoides are stumptailed macaques, they frequently are confused and often have erroneously been assumed to be the same species, M. arctoides (speciosa), (Hill, 1974; Zhang et al., 1981), as they have larger body size and are stumptailed and have some similarities in dorsal pelage color (Fooden 1983, etc.).