SPECIAL SECTION ON FUTURE GENERATION SMART CITIES RESEARCH: SERVICES, APPLICATIONS, CASE STUDIES AND POLICYMAKING CONSIDERATIONS FOR WELL-BEING [PART II] Received May 1, 2020, accepted May 24, 2020, date of publication June 4, 2020, date of current version June 17, 2020. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999871 An ISO/IEEE 11073 Standardized Digital Twin Framework for Health and Well-Being in Smart Cities FEDWA LAAMARTI , HAWAZIN FAIZ BADAWI , YEZHE DING, FAISAL ARAFSHA, BASIM HAFIDH , AND ABDULMOTALEB EL SADDIK , (Fellow, IEEE) Multimedia Communications Research Laboratory (MCRLab), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Corresponding author: Fedwa Laamarti (flaam077@uottawa.ca) ABSTRACT The use of the digital twin has been quickly adopted in industry in recent years and continues to gain momentum. The recent redefinition of the digital twin from the digital replica of a physical asset to the replica of a living or nonliving entity has increased its potential. The digital twin not only disrupts industrial processes, but also expands the domain of health and well-being towards fostering smart healthcare services in smart cities. In this paper, we propose an ISO/IEEE 11073 standardized digital twin framework architecture for health and well-being. This framework encompasses the process of data collection from personal health devices, the analysis of this data, and conveying the feedback to the user in a loop cycle. The framework proposes a solution to include not only X73 compliant devices, but also noncompliant health devices, by interfacing them with an X73 wrapper module as we explain in this paper. Besides, we propose a configurable X73 mobile application, designed to work with any X73 compliant device. We designed and implemented the proposed framework, and the X73 mobile app, and conducted an experiment as a proof of concept of the digital twin in the domain of health and well-being in smart cities. The experiment shows promising results and the potential of benefiting from the proposed framework, by gaining insights on the health and well-being of individuals, and providing feedback to the individual and caregiver. INDEX TERMS Digital twin, health, well-being, physical activity, standards, ISO/IEEE 11073, X73, wearables, data collection, data analysis, artificial intelligence, user interaction, user feedback. I. INTRODUCTION The digital twin concept was proposed in 2002 [1] and referred to the digital replica of a physical object. Although the digital twin has a high benefit to industry, its main uses are industrial processes. A new vision of the digital twin was introduced in [2] to re-define it as a digital replication of a living or nonliving physical entity. By bridging the physical and virtual worlds, data are transmitted seamlessly, which enables the virtual entity to exist simultaneously with the physical entity. A digital twin facilitates the means to monitor, understand, and optimize the functions of the physical entity and provides continuous feedback to improve the quality of life and well-being. A digital twin is hence the convergence The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Miltiadis Lytras . of several technologies, such as data analytics and artifi- cial intelligence, haptics and the Internet of Things, data visualization techniques, cybersecurity and communication networks. The digital twin, as defined in [2], has multiple char- acteristics. Other than a unique identifier, the digital twin uses sensors and actuators, which enables it to continuously collect data and renders it an accurate replica of the real twin at any given time, as well as conveys feedback to the real twin. These sensors and actuators can have the form of wearables and personal health devices, which use has exploded in recent years. The wearables market continues to expand, and the high amount of data collected by wearables contains valuable health and well-being information [3] that is mostly unused. With the concept of the digital twin and the structured storage in the cloud of all information that pertains 105950 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ VOLUME 8, 2020