International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 89 – No 12, March 2014 37 Energy Efficiency with Computational Topology and Routing in Wireless Sensors Networks Fahad Mohammed Bahazaq and Vijey Thayananthan Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. ABSTRACT Computational topology and routing are the major area where energy is needed to activate a number of functions integrated in wireless sensor network. In this research, reducing energy consumption and increasing energy efficiency (EE) are the main aims when specific algorithm of routing protocol and topology are employed in WSN. In order to solve the main points through this research, we studied the novelties of the routing protocols based on ant colony optimization (ACO). In these studies, accurate distance between the sensor nodes based on the specific topology is also analyzed. From these approaches EE can be enhanced in future WSNs which have either 2D or 3D topologies. General Terms Computational topology (CT) and routing are considered as my general terms. Throughout this research, EE analysis is considered with CT and routing. Keywords Energy aware algorithms, EE, topologies, CT, routing protocols, ACO, WSN 1. INTRODUCTION Energy analysis of WSNs is a popular topic in current wireless technology. Topologies are varied with applications such as environmental monitoring, under water protections etc. Improvements in the EE with CT should be analyzed because wireless devices between the source and destination are still consuming high power. WSNs usually contain thousands of network devices that hold a lot of sensors, which are randomly and widely deployed [3]. Once deployed, these sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, thus replacement of the energy resource is not good option. Therefore, EE in the wireless network is the main design issue that needs to be considered with routing protocols which help to improve the life time and power consumption of the entire network. Regarding the energy algorithms, investigations and analysis, the design of general or specific media access control (MAC) and routing protocols for WSNs has been considered in a number of publications. However, only a few have been concerned with design parameter such as energy optimization of packet size, congestions, link quality, delivery time etc. Single hop known as point to point communication topology is mentioned in many applications which need reasonable energy [15][17]. But maximizing the throughput with packet size optimization in this topology is also addressed when EE is improved in WSN using enhanced routing protocols. Topologies and CT are key terms for maintaining and analyzing WSNs in real applications. Here, topologies of 2D and 3D WSNs and considered for EE analysis, which depends on the inference capability of routing topology designed for routing improvement, CT, effective WSN management etc [19]. In the CT approach, novel geometrical methods are considered to solve the various architectures of the WSN applications. Both topology control and routing problems are used for enhancing EE, guaranteeing the packet delivery and optimizing the distances. Routing protocols need special attention when they are designed for specific WSN applications they are such as simplicity, EE and scalability [3]. EE can be enhanced without increasing complexity which depends on the optimization of routing protocols and optimum design of WSN. Increasing complexity and CT needs more power, hence nodes which are basically routers in WSN behavior and properties should be considered with routing protocols that minimize the energy consumption and CT. There are many type routers and routing protocols used in which WSN is being activated with different topology designed for fixed and mobile applications. In this research, ACO is modified with a combination of energy, congestion and link quality. In the research field of WSNs, reduction in energy consumption of CT so that the lifetime of WSNs can be prolonged is one of the hottest spots. A salient feature of WSN powered by battery or solar is its extremely constrained source of energy supplied by batteries coming with sensor nodes, because sensor nodes are typically small and thus use tiny batteries [9][13]. The lifetime of WSN is defined as the time for the first node or a certain percentage of network nodes to run out of power [1][16]. The basic operation in sensor network is the systematic gathering of sensory data to be eventually delivered to the base station or sink node. Since the sensor nodes consume a lot of energy, communication between the base station and the sensors must be carried out in an energy-efficient manner [14]. The remainder of the research paper is organized as follows. we have briefly described the related works of energy efficient concepts based on routing and CT in Section 2. Proposed protocol is explained in Section 3. In addition to this, definition and modifications of ACO also considered. In Section 4, flowchart of the algorithm and necessary equations for energy consumption in both transmitter and receiver are explained. Performance results and analysis are described in Section 5 for the EE improvement in selected WSN, where we vary the network size, topology, and the deployment area. Section 6 concludes the paper. 2. RELATED WORKS There are many publications delivered to develop EE algorithms and protocols in WSNs which are applicable in specific and multi mode developments [5][7]. Here, routing concepts based on CT, EE algorithms, etc, are briefly outlined