Research Article Diversity of Wild Bees along Elevational Gradient in an Agricultural Area in Central Java, Indonesia Imam Widhiono, Eming Sudiana, and Darsono Darsono Faculty of Biology, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno no. 63 Purwokerto, Central Java 53122, Indonesia Correspondence should be addressed to Imam Widhiono; imamwidhiono@yahoo.com Received 6 December 2016; Accepted 12 January 2017; Published 31 January 2017 Academic Editor: Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie Copyright © 2017 Imam Widhiono et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Increases in mean temperature afect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in agricultural ecosystems. Pollinator community composition is expected to change along an elevational gradient due to diferences in the daily ambient temperature. Tis study investigated the diversity and abundance of wild bees in an agricultural area along an elevational gradient in Central Java, Indonesia. Wild bees were collected using a sweep net in 40 green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivation sampling locations at seven diferent elevations (8, 108, 224, 424, 644, 893, and 1017m above sea level). Species diversity was determined using the Shannon–Wiener diversity index. We identifed 932 individuals from 8 species of wild bee belonging to 3 families. Te family Apidae was predominant, with 6 species, while only 1 species was found from each of Megachilidae and Halictidae. Across the study sites, diversity increased with increasing elevation ((  ) = 1.4, () = 0.25, and () = 0.78 at low elevation to (  ) = 2.04,  = 0.13, and  = 0.96 at high elevation), and higher numbers of species were found at middle and high elevations. Species richness and abundance increased linearly with increasing elevation, and species diversity was highest at middle elevations. 1. Introduction Wild bees (order Hymenoptera: Apoidea) represent the most important group of pollinator insects because they play a key role in agriculture, pollinating almost all crop varieties. However, they are increasingly at risk of local and even global extinction due to climate change [1], which can disrupt the overlap of fower production and pollinator fight activity [2]. Te major characteristic of climate change is an increase in the mean global temperature. Elevated temperatures are known to infuence the foraging activity, body size at matu- rity, and individual lifespan [3] of wild bees. Te physiological impacts of climate warming might not have negative efects on individual insect pollinators; in fact, some could even have positive efects. Increases in mean temperature afect the diversity and abundance of wild bees in agricultural ecosystems. Elevational gradients can be used as model systems for climatic change to analyse the role of environmental fltering efects on animal communities [4]. Comparative studies of species ecology along elevational gradients can provide clues to the likely response of both species and communities in the study of the efects of increasing temperature on the diversity and abundance of pollinator insects. However, there are signifcant diferences among the characteristics of typical elevational gradients. Pollinator community composition is expected to change along an elevational gradient due to diferences in ambient daily temperature. Due to the harsher environmental conditions, the number of pollinator species tends to decrease with increasing elevation [5]. Te relative abundance of Hymenoptera has been negatively correlated with increasing elevation [6]. However, some studies have found that Hymenoptera, especially wild bees, are the most abundant foral visitor at high elevations, at least for some plant species [7]. Total pollinator richness [8] and abundance [9] have been found to decrease with increasing elevation, with plants becoming more ecologically specialised at higher elevations [10]. However, to the best of our knowledge, the wild bee diversity and abundance along an elevational gradient in agricultural areas has not previously been studied Hindawi Psyche Volume 2017, Article ID 2968414, 5 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2968414