Separation and Purification Technology 22-23 (2001) 507 – 517 Nanofiltration using pore-filled membranes: effect of polyelectrolyte composition on performance Ronald F. Childs a, *, Alicja M. Mika a , Ashok K. Pandey a , Christopher McCrory a , Sylvain Mouton a , James M. Dickson b a Department of Chemistry, McMaster Uniersity, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4M1 b Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster Uniersity, Hamilton, Ont., Canada L8S 4M1 Abstract Several series of membranes composed of microporous poly(propylene) substrates filled with polyelectrolyte gels of different chemical structure, polymer concentration and charge densities have been prepared in order to examine the effect of polyelelctrolyte composition on the performance of these membranes in nanofiltration. The membranes were made by two different routes involving either in situ chemical cross-linking of poly(4-vinylpyridine) or poly(vinylben- zyl chloride), or by in situ polymerization of acrylic acid with tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate or N,N- methylenebisacrylamide as cross-linking agents in the pores of the substrates. The resulting pore-filled membranes were characterized by the concentration (volume fraction) of the polyelectrolyte in the pores, ion exchange capacity (charge density), water content, and thickness. The different series of membranes were tested under pressure to determine their hydrodynamic permeabilities and salt separation properties (NaCl). It was found that there was a good correlation between hydrodynamic (Darcy) permeability and gel polymer concentration that holds irrespective of the gel polymer chemistry in the pore-filling gels. Membranes with different pore-filling gels, whether positively or negatively charged, followed the same relationship. The separation properties of the membranes are very good and the salt rejection was found to be practically constant over a wide range of permeabilities (gel concentrations). It was also found that the increase in the nominal charge density above approximately 0.2 mmol/cm 3 of the swollen gel had a negligible effect on the separation properties of the gel-filled membranes. The results of this study provide a basis for the further design and optimization of polyelectrolyte filled membranes for nanofiltration applications. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Pore-filled membranes; Polyelectrolyte gels; Hydrodynamic permeability; Donnan exclusion; Nanofiltration www.elsevier.com/locate/seppur 1. Introduction Polyelectrolyte gels could, in principle, be used as the ‘active component’ in a membrane. Such * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-905-5259140; fax: +1- 905-5222509. E-mail address: rchilds@mcmaster.ca (R.F. Childs). 1383-5866/01/$ - see front matter © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII:S1383-5866(00)00172-6