32 Plant Protection Quarterly Vol.29(1) 2014 Abstract The present study was conducted to monitor the blossom midge Procontarinia mangiferae Felt and leaf gall midge Procontarinia sp. (adults and larvae) in mango orchards. Sticky traps of different colours were used for adults and poly- ethylene sheet traps were used for larval monitoring of mango blossom and leaf gall midges. Midge host preference was examined in the following mango varieties: Daisi, Ratol 12, Fajri, Summer Behasht Chaunsa, White Chaunsa and Black Chaunsa. Fortnightly data of adult and larval population was recorded through sticky coloured and other traps. Results from the coloured sticky trap trials showed that the highest population of adult P. mangiferae were attracted towards the green and orange coloured traps whereas the highest population of Procontarinia sp. adults have been recorded on red and orange coloured sticky traps. The highest larval population of both P. mangiferae and Procontarinia sp. were mostly trapped during the last week of February to the first week of March at 17.6-21.4 o C. Results from the polyethylene sheet funnel traps showed that the mango varieties White Chaunsa and Summer Behasht Chaunsa had the largest numbers of larvae/trap. Higher infestations of larvae were recorded in funnel traps placed under the trees in the south and east directions. It is concluded that green, yellow and red colours are very attractive for the monitoring and management of P. mangif- erae and Procontarinia sp. in mango orchards. As the highest populations were observed at the time of flowering in the months of February/March at an average temperature of 19.6 o C, manage- ment practices are recommended at this time. Keywords: mango midges, monitoring. Introduction Mango (Mangifera indica L.), belongs to the family Anacardiaceae and is the key fruit of Pakistan (Hussain et al. 2012). It is commonly known as ‘The King of Fruits’ (Purseglove 1972). Among the major fruits of Pakistan, mango resides in second place in production after citrus (Government of Pakistan 2010). Pakistan is the fifth largest mango producer in the world (FAOUN 2013). Pakistan is also a major exporter of mangoes, exporting approximately 80 000 tonnes per annum, being the third largest exporter in the world (Shahnwaz et al. 2012). Key export markets include the Middle East and Europe together making a contribution of about 85% percent of the total mango exports (Government of Pakistan 2004-05). Many biotic and abiotic factors are responsible for reductions in mango yield in Pakistan (Saeed et al. 2011). Insect pests and diseases are important factors. Numerous insect pests attack mango trees (Sen 1955, Giani 1968, Herren 1981, Tandon and Verghese 1985); many of these insect pests cause significant damage and may become limiting factors in mango growing areas (Patriquin et al. 1995). Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are well-known pests of crops, ornamen- tals and timber trees (Dorchin 2008). Different gall midge species are known to infest tropical fruit trees including Annona, Artocarpus, Citrus, Coffea, Ficus, and mango (Barnes 1948). So far there are 20 species of gall midges known that attack mango (Li et al. 2003, Gagne 2004, Gagne and Medina 2004, Gagne and Etienne 2006, Kolesik et al 2009). Out of these, 19 species attack leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits: 14 species are from Procontarinia and cause galls on leaves. Procontarinia mangiferae Felt create galls on flowers and young shoots. Procontarinia matteiana Kieffer & Cecconi attacks leaf flushes of mango. Severe infestations cause a reduction in fruit yield (Augustyn et al. 2010). Various species of mango midges (Cecidomyiidae) have been reported from different countries including China, South Africa, Iran, Japan and India (Annecke and Moran 1982, Schoeman 1995, Githure et al. 1998, Uechi et al. 2002, Li et al. 2003, Pezhman and Askari 2004). Sticky traps are used widely for moni- toring and trapping of insect pests in field crops and greenhouse environments. Colour and odor are the main compo- nents for selection of hosts in plant feeding insects. In pest management programs, sticky coloured traps are used for monitoring of insect pests for early detection and possibly for control, with the most suitable colour delivering better trap catches (Teulon and Ramakers 1990). In the previous literature, yellow traps were usually used for the attraction of gall midges, while other colours have been used for trapping other insect pests. Plazanin et al. (2012) used yellow sticky traps for blueberry gall midges in a blueberry plantation. Incandescent light traps were found to be very effective for capturing swede midge Contarinia nasturtii Kieffer (Diptera: Cecicomyiidae) adults as compared to sticky traps (Hallett et al. 2007). There has been an increased incidence of mango midges over the past few years in mango orchards in Pakistan. No infor- mation is available on the biology and ecology of mango midges in Pakistan. Regardless of the widespread damage caused by gall midges, very little research has been carried out on this group of insects. Therefore, the objective of present study was to monitor mango midges by two different techniques in mango orchards. Materials and methods The present study was conducted at Faiz Chaman mango orchard, Khanewal road, Multan (30°14´99“N, 071°35´09“E and elevation 119 m) to monitor the activity of mango blossom and leaf gall midges P. mangiferae and Procontarinia sp. through sticky coloured traps and poly- ethylene sheet funnel traps. Monitoring of adults of mango midges by coloured sticky traps The experiment was laid out using a Randomised Complete Block (RCB) design with fifteen treatments replicated three times. Sticky traps of 15 different colours: black, blue, brown, dark yellow, green, gray, light brown, light pink, light purple, light yellow, orange, pink, purple, red and yellow were used. Coloured sticky traps were developed by cutting card- board cards with a paper cutter. These cards were covered by paper sheets of the 15 different colours. Then, a thin layer of polybutene insect gum was coated on the colour traps on both sides. The size of each sticky trap was 250 x 250 mm. Sticky traps were installed at the height of 2 meters. These coloured sticky traps were hung vertically from a branch or twig under the canopy of the mango trees. Traps were replaced and re-randomised Can Procontarinia mangiferae and Procontarinia sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of mango be monitored by coloured sticky and polyethylene sheet funnel traps? Shafqat Saeed, Muhammad Abrar Amin, Muhammad Rizwan and Qamar Saeed Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.