Research Article
Performance Analysis of Clear Sky Global Horizontal Irradiance
Models: Simple Models Adapted for Local Conditions
Nicholas Kwarikunda
1
and Zivayi Chiguvare
2
1
Department of Physics, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
2
Department of Physics, University of Namibia, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek, Namibia
Correspondence should be addressed to Nicholas Kwarikunda; nicholas.kwarikunda@mak.ac.ug
Received 5 May 2021; Accepted 11 September 2021; Published 27 September 2021
Academic Editor: Koray Ulgen
Copyright © 2021 Nicholas Kwarikunda and Zivayi Chiguvare. is is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.
Evaluation of the maximum solar energy potential of a given area for possible deployment of solar energy technologies requires
assessment of clear sky solar irradiance for the region under consideration. Such localized assessment is critical for optimal sizing
of the technology to be deployed in order to realize the anticipated output. As the measurements are not always available where
they are needed, models may be used to estimate them. In this study, three different models were adapted for the geographical
location of the area under study and used to estimate clear sky global horizontal irradiance (GHI) at three locations in the
subtropical desert climate of Namibia. e three models, selected on the basis of input requirements, were used to compute clear
sky GHI at Kokerboom, Arandis, and Auas. e models were validated and evaluated for performance using irradiance data
measured at each of the sites for a period of three years by computing statistical parameters such as mean bias error (MBE), root
mean square error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R
2
), normalized MBE, and normalized RMSE. Comparative
results between modelled and measured data showed that the models fit well the measured data, with normalized root mean
square error values in the range 4–8%, while the R
2
value was above 98% for the three models. e adapted models can thus be
used to compute clear sky GHI at these study areas as well as in other regions with similar climatic conditions.
1.Introduction
Deployment of solar energy technologies for solar pho-
tovoltaic (PV) or thermal applications requires an as-
sessment of the solar energy resource available at the
location of interest. Quite often, such measurements may
not be available for that location and so have to be esti-
mated under clear sky conditions [1–3]. In some areas, even
when measurements are available, gaps may exist in the
measurement records that may need to be filled up to
efficiently characterize the resource [4, 5]. Clear sky irra-
diance, in particular, the global horizontal irradiance
(GHI), provides information about the maximum possible
solar energy resource available at the location under
consideration, which is crucial in estimating or forecasting
the performance of solar energy technologies [6]. It is
therefore important to estimate, locally, the clear sky GHI
in order to forecast the optimal performance of the solar
technologies before deployment.
Different kinds of models for clear skies, with varying
levels of complexity and input parameters, have been de-
veloped over time to estimate clear sky global solar irradi-
ance for various solar energy conversion applications
especially in areas where the measurements are not available.
ese models are either based on empirical expressions
[7–9] or may be broadband [10, 11]. Empirical-based ir-
radiance models require geometric parameters such as ze-
nith angle and or basic meteorological parameters such as
sunshine hours, relative humidity, pressure, clearness index,
and temperature [12, 13] as input parameters, while the
broadband irradiance models require parameters that
characterize the atmospheric conditions in detail, including
but not limited to parameters such as aerosol optical depth,
amount of precipitable water, and ozone column [1, 14–16].
Hindawi
Journal of Renewable Energy
Volume 2021, Article ID 4369959, 12 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/4369959