Abstract Background: Rice farmers face the risk of exposure to pesticide. Assessment of knowledge, self-efcacy, and outcome expectation to promote personal protective equipment (PPE) use is important. Tis study aimed to develop and validate a social cognitive theory-based scale that focuses on knowledge, self- efcacy, outcome expectation and behavior on pesticide exposure prevention for rice farmers. Methods: We used the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing Guide as a validation framework to assess validity evidence: content validity, structural validity, discriminative validity and internal consistency. Structural validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was examined using Cronbach’s alpha values. Results: Te content validity index scores ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 for four constructs. Exploratory factor analysis of social cognitive theory-based scale identifed four factors that corresponded well with the four domains in social cognitive theory; namely knowledge, self-efcacy, outcome expectation and behavior. Te Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge (0.88), self-efcacy (0.97), outcome expectation (0.87) and behavior (0.93) subscales were acceptable. Conclusion: Te social cognitive theory-based scale on knowledge, self-efcacy, outcome expectation and behaviors on pesticide exposure prevention showed acceptable psychometric properties with respect to responses from rice farmers. Tis scale may have usefulness for public health personnel to assess change in knowledge, self-efcacy, outcome expectation and behaviors over time in intervention research. Development and Validation of the Knowledge, Self-efficacy, Outcome Expectation and Behavior on Pesticide Exposure Prevention for Rice Farmers Publication History: Received: November 13, 2017 Accepted: December 16, 2017 Published: December 18, 2017 Keywords: Farmers, Outcome expectation, Pesticide exposure prevention, Self- efcacy, Social cognitive theory, Tailand Original Article Open Access Introduction Rice farmers face the risk of exposure to chemical substances such as pesticide. One of the methods to prevent chemical hazard is personal protective equipment (PPE) use. However, the ratio of those who use PPE when dealing with chemical substances was not so high (male 33.7%, female 44%) [1] in Tailand. It is important to promote the PPE use among rice farmers. Tere are some factors to promote the health behaviors. One of them is self-efcacy, which means personal capability to adopt the behavior [2]. Te other one is outcome expectation, which has potential infuence on the behavior change [3]. Knowledge is also important to change the behaviors. To promote the health education efectively or evaluate its efectiveness, it is ofen used to measure self-efcacy, outcome expectation and knowledge [4,5]. Some scales are already developed to measure the self-efcacy and outcome expectation [5]. However, the scales to measure these two factors related to the PPE use in farmers are still not established. Te scales to measure the knowledge on chemical hazard and behavior to prevent it are also not established. Tis study aimed to develop and evaluate the scales to measure the knowledge, self-efcacy, outcome expectation and behavior to prevent chemical hazard of pesticide among rice farmers. Materials & Method Making preliminary questionnaire 1. Te literatures on chemical or pesticides prevention behaviors, * Corresponding Author: Dr. Orawan Kaewboonchoo, Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand, Tel/ Fax: +662-354-8542; E-mail: orawan.kae@mahidol.ac.th Citation: Suwan-Ampai P, Hanklang S, Kaewboonchoo O, Morioka I (2017) Development and Validation of the Knowledge, Self-effcacy, Outcome Expectation and Behavior on Pesticide Exposure Prevention for Rice Farmers. Int J Nurs Clin Pract 4: 263. doi: https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-4978/2017/263 Copyright: © 2017 Suwan-Ampai et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. International Journal of Nursing & Clinical Practices Plernpit Suwan-Ampai 1 , Suda Hanklang 1,3 , Orawan Kaewboonchoo 1* and Ikuharu Morioka 2 1 Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Tailand 2 Graduate School of Health and Nursing Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan 3 Faculty of Nursing, Vongchavalitkul University, Nakhon Ratchasima, Tailand Int J Nurs Clin Pract IJNCP, an open access journal ISSN: 2394-4978 Volume 4. 2017. 263 Suwan-Ampai et al., Int J Nurs Clin Pract 2017, 4: 263 https://doi.org/10.15344/2394-4978/2017/263 farmers’ working characteristics, risk of chemical hazards and social cognitive theory were reviewed to examine the contents and psychometric properties of existing measures to prevent chemical hazard. We developed the original questionnaire using 63 items consisting four scales; knowledge, self-efcacy, outcome expectations and behaviors to prevent chemical hazard of pesticide. Each scale was made to represent a unidimensional construct derived from Bandura [2]. 2. Te panel of fve experts in the area of occupational health and scale development reviewed the original questionnaire sheet. Te panel of fve experts was asked to rate each item on how strong it was relevant to the underlying scale. Based on Waltz and Bausell [6] advise, a 4-point ordinal scale was used to avoid a neutral and ambivalent midpoint. Tey were: 1= not relevant, 2 = somewhat relevant, 3 = quite relevant, 4 = highly relevant. Ten, content validity index (CVI) was computed as proportion of items of which rating score was either 3 or 4 among total items of each underlying scale. A minimum of CVI was recommended to be 0.80 as an acceptable standard [7]. When any experts rated 1 for a item, the item was excluded from the questionnaire. When any