International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences, 4(2) 2017, Pages: 83-90 Contents lists available at Science-Gate International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences Journal homepage: http://www.science-gate.com/IJAAS.html 83 A review on humanoid robots Rabbia Mahum *, Faisal Shafique Butt, Kashif Ayyub, Seema Islam, Marriam Nawaz, Daud Abdullah Department of Computer Science, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Wah Cantt, Pakistan ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Received 23 November 2016 Received in revised form 7 February 2017 Accepted 7 February 2017 Humanoid robots with artificial intelligence is very captivating field for people, since the robots are introduced. For humanoid robots we can introduce new ideas without any limitations and constraints but in reality there are limitations to implement them. In this paper we are discussing different humanoid robots with their practical applications. Based on their implementation structure detailed comparison of their characteristics is performed and on this bases some limitations and future work has been discussed. Keywords: Humanoid robots Behaviour © 2017 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 1. Introduction *Humanoid robotics is the field which is increasing in popularity day by day. Many groups are working on some issues like interacting, learning and controlling for applying them in human robotics. These works forced the human to create a tool like humans which can work in the places where we want them, as human can work. Human body is designed by nature to work in each environment like stairs, doors, handles etc., so the basic centred structure is a base to build humanoid robots. If newly built humanoid robots can give gestures like moving eye/head, can analyze language, then it can do communication with other humans or agents. As human can think about situation in many ways and solve the problems in routine to obtain the satisfactory results. In this paper, deep discussion of humanoid robots is the basic topic that how they act in real world environment like humans including different examples. Human robots are described as “mechanical knight” by Leonardo in 1495 A.D. (Gates, 2008). Robots are not only those devices which follow humans but they can be the leader in the game. Humanoid robots can participate in games as humans or they can work like humans having human like structure. To build humanoid robots some methodologies are used, one of them is affordances. It determines relation between agent and specified environment using its sensing parts like grasper, eatable etc. in this methodology properties of world and objects are included in term * Corresponding Author. Email Address: mbiya4965@gmail.com (R. Mahum) https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2017.02.015 2313-626X/© 2017 The Authors. Published by IASE. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) of operations which the robot able to do. They are used to define the effects of operations performed and actions to achieve the specific goal. In neuroscience field researchers are interested to introduce artificial intelligence in robots. RobotCub project while designing humanoid robots, is also a very important to interact with environment (Tsagarakis et al., 2007). The basic purpose is to behave like a child age of 1.5 to 2.5 years old in similar manner. In this strategy robots are made and by placing them in environment where they learn from interactions with people and objects. In the result the robot was built which was 100 cm in height, having the shape like a child, weighs approximately 23kg and 53 of degrees of freedom (DOF). Because of this DOF they have less freedom of moving hands and their body than a child. Social robots are used in different games by interacting with other participants in games to motivate them and giving them cues that how they will act next. In human to human interaction body movement is very important to judge the coordination in joint activities. Social robots exhibit meaningful interaction with their users (Jung and Lee, 2004). It is not necessary that they have the body form like humans they can be a toys or the instructor for education etc. (Fong et al., 2003). But two experiments were made by Lee et al. (2006) showed that whether the physical body of social robots is more effective or not. He found that in human-robot interaction it really matters that the robot should be physically like human, although the social robots not necessarily provide physical functionality. Also in an empirical study people got high scores in negotiation game when they interact with humanoid robot than computer screen. Different strategies are used for interaction of humanoid robots with humans; tactile sensing is