264 N. HERENCSAR, A. LAHIRI, J. KOTON, K. VRBA, B. METIN, REALIZATION OF RESISTORLESS LOSSLESS POSITIVE AND ... Realization of Resistorless Lossless Positive and Negative Grounded Inductor Simulators Using Single ZC-CCCITA Norbert HERENCSAR 1 , Abhirup LAHIRI 2 , Jaroslav KOTON 1 , Kamil VRBA 1 , Bilgin METIN 3 1 Dept. of Telecommunications, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic 2 36-B, J and K Pocket, Dilshad Garden, Delhi-110095, India 3 Dept. of Management Information Systems, Bogazici University, 34342, Bebek-Istanbul, Turkey herencsn@feec.vutbr.cz, lahiriabhirup@yahoo.com, koton@feec.vutbr.cz, vrbak@feec.vutbr.cz, bilgin.metin@boun.edu.tr Abstract. This paper is in continuation with the very re- cent work of Prasad et al. [14], wherein new realizations of grounded and ﬂoating positive inductor simulator using current differencing transconductance ampliﬁer (CDTA) are reported. The focus of the paper is to provide alternate re- alizations of lossless, both positive and negative inductor simulators (PIS and NIS) in grounded form using z-copy current-controlled current inverting transconductance am- pliﬁer (ZC-CCCITA), which can be considered as a deriva- tive of CDTA, wherein the current differencing unit (CDU) is reduced to a current-controlled current inverting unit. We demonstrate that only a single ZC-CCCITA and one grounded capacitor are sufﬁcient to realize grounded loss- less PIS or NIS. The proposed circuits are resistorless whose parameters can be controlled through the bias currents. The workability of the proposed PIS is validated by SPICE sim- ulations on three RLC prototypes. Keywords Positive inductor simulator (PIS), negative inductor simulator (NIS), grounded lossless inductor, z-copy current-controlled current inverting transconductance ampliﬁer (ZC-CCCITA). 1. Introduction An inductor is a required element in circuit design and can be used in many blocks such as ﬁlters, oscillators, phase shifters and impedance matching circuitry. Conven- tional spiral inductors directly made on chip occupy sig- niﬁcant chip area and therefore are too costly and suffer from substrate resistive losses and capacitive couplings. In addition, process tolerances lead to component variations, which cannot easily be tuned in the passive case [1]. Due to these disadvantages, active element-based inductor design has been very desirable to designers. During the last few years, various grounded inductors have been created using different high-performance active building blocks (ABBs), such as minus-type modiﬁed inverting ﬁrst- and second- generation current conveyor (MICCI–/MICCII–) [2], [3], gain-variable third-generation current conveyor (GVCCIII) [4], dual-X second-generation current conveyor (DXCCII) [5]–[7], differential voltage current conveyor (DVCC) [8], current-feedback operational ampliﬁer (CFOA) [9], [10], positive four-terminal-ﬂoating-nullor (PFTFN) [11], differ- ential difference operational mirrored ampliﬁer (DDOMA) [12], and modiﬁed dual-output differential difference current conveyor (MDO-DDCC) [13]. A literature survey shows that a large number of grounded inductor realizations based on current conveyors have been proposed, and in general, possess some weaknesses. Although the circuits reported in [2], [3], and [4] realize pure inductance with only one MICCI–, MICCII–, or GVCCIII, respectively, in addition to a grounded resistor all of the circuits employ a ﬂoating re- sistor and a ﬂoating capacitor. Similarly, the DXCCII-based inductor simulators in [5]–[7] also consist of ﬂoating capac- itor and one or two ﬂoating resistors. In [8] proposed cir- cuits employing single DVCC, grounded capacitor, and both ﬂoating and grounded resistor can simulate grounded, both series and parallel R-L immitances. However, in some ap- plications the lossy term of circuits can be disadvantageous. Similar lossy inductors are presented in [9]. None of cir- cuits can realize positive one, moreover, in circuit Fig. 2(d) of [9] critical capacitance matching is required. In another CFOA-based grounded inductor simulator [10] the intrinsic capacitance of the Analog Devices AD844 IC is used in- stead of external capacitor. The PFTFN-based inductor [11] requires component matching constraint. The grounded in- ductor in [12] consists of three DDOMAs, one NMOS, and only grounded passive elements. In recently published paper [13] authors present a lossless grounded inductor using sin- gle MDO-DDCC, two resistors, and one grounded capacitor. Since the MDO-DDCC is a non-tunable active element, the proposed circuit can be considered as a minimal conﬁgura- tion in terms of number of active and passive elements used. Although this circuit seems to be very attractive inductance simulator, the ﬂoating resistor brings a drawback to it. Our short study showed that none of the above listed lit- erature present resistorless lossless grounded inductor sim- ulator. In [14], which is one of the most recent reports on current differencing transconductance ampliﬁer (CDTA)