Symbolic Interaction, Volume 24, Number 4, pages 395–406, ISSN 0195-6086; online ISSN 1533-8665.
© 2001 by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. All rights reserved.
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Direct all correspondence to Leon Anderson, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Lindley Hall,
Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979; email : andersoe@ohio.edu.
Inequality and the Self: Exploring Connections
from an Interactionist Perspective
Leon Anderson
Ohio University
David A. Snow
University of California, Irvine
Symbolic interactionism provides a major contribution to understanding
inequality by illuminating the various manifestations and contexts of ine-
quality at the micro, everyday level of social life. Drawing on a spectrum of
symbolic interactionist theory and research, we examine the range of sym-
bolic and interactional manifestations of social inequality, the consequences
of being the object of patterned interactional affronts, and the strategies
people use to negotiate interactional stigmatization in everyday life. We argue
that symbolic interaction’s unique contribution to understanding inequality
results from two of the perspective’s central features. First, symbolic inter-
actionism emphasizes the necessity of investigating social life in situated
social interaction. Second, it highlights social actors’ capacities to interpret
and construct lines of action rather than respond directly to the stimuli they
encounter. Symbolic interactionist research and theory thus contribute to a
more complex understanding of social stratication than that provided by
perspectives focused exclusively on macroscopic structural factors.
The study of social inequality in mainstream sociology traditionally has been ap-
proached from a macroscopic structural vantage point with an emphasis on political-
economic factors. This focus has clearly advanced understanding of the structural
dimensions, precipitants, and correlates of the array of topics associated with ine-
quality and stratication, such as class differences, poverty, mobility, the occupa-
tional structure, and wage and salary differences. Yet this structural focus misses
much of relevance to understanding the real-life implications of inequality for the
everyday functioning and psychology of social actors. From this vantage point, a
host of insufciently examined questions arise:What are the different ways in which
systems of stratication manifest themselves at the micro, interactional level of so-