ARTICLE PUBLIC OPINIONS ABOUT PAYING COLLEGE ATHLETES AND ATHLETES PROTESTING DURING THE NATIONAL ANTHEM A Focus on Race/Ethnicity and Political Identities Rachel Allison Department of Sociology, Mississippi State University Chris Knoester Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University B. David Ridpath Department of Sports Administration, Ohio University Abstract Drawing on insights from Critical Race Theory and framing theory, as well as previous research, this study ties together and analyzes public opinions about two racialized and politicized sports-related issues: (1) the financial compensation of college athletes, and (2) athlete protests during the national anthem. Consequently, we highlight racial/ethnic iden- tities, racial attitudes, and political identities as predictors of these public opinions. Data for our analyses come from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults who were surveyed just prior to the 2016 presidential election. Descriptive results suggest that well over half of U.S. adults opposed having the NCAA pay college athletes; also, about two-thirds of adults viewed athlete protests during the national anthem as unacceptable. Regression results reveal that Black and Latinx adults were more supportive of paying college athletes and athlete protests during the national anthem than White adults. Other people of color were also more likely than White adults to support paying college athletes. Racial attitudes such as a lack of recognition of racial/ethnic inequalities in education and support for Black Lives Matter also shaped public opinions about these issues in expected ways. Finally, we find that political identities were linked to public opinions about these issues even after accounting for racial/ ethnic identities and racial attitudes. Overall, this study documents public opinions about these prominent sports-related issues just prior to the 2016 election of a President who particularly racialized and politicized sports issues. Even then, these sports-related issues had been similarly filtered through both a White racial frame that encourages colorblind racism and a counter frame that promotes antiracist activism. Altogether, the present study offers further Du Bois Review. 0:0 (2021) 1–23. © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Hutchins Center for African and African American Research doi:10.1017/S1742058X21000229 1 at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X21000229 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 54.144.218.150, on 10 Sep 2021 at 04:47:36, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available