The Dynamics of Innovation James Utterback T he role of technological evolution and innovation in shaping the destinies of industries and firms is often underestimated. Technological change is a key factor as both a creative force in the growth of enterprises and as a destructive force making those same enterprises vulnerable to competi- tion. Analysis of how innovations enter and transform enter- prises reveals several strategies for mastering innovation as a creative force for renewal rather than viewing it as a threat. America’s Ice Industry: A Case Study The American ice industry thrived in nineteenth-century New England. The “Ice King,” Frederic Tudor of Boston, sent his first shipment of ice from the port of Charlestown, Massachu- setts, to Martinique in the West Indies in 1806. Fifty years later, his company was shipping thousands of tons of ice per year to several U.S. ports, the Caribbean islands, Rio de Janeiro, Bombay, Hong Kong, and sites in between. Tudor ben- efited from collaboration with Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth, who 81