Original article Distribution and etiology of chronic respiratory diseases in primary healthcare departments in Cape Verde Distribution et e ´tiologie des maladies respiratoires chroniques au Cap-Vert dans des structures de soins de sante ´ primaires P. Carreiro-Martins a,b, * , J. Rosado-Pinto c , M. do Ce ´u Teixeira d , N. Neuparth a,b , O. Silva e , A.L. Papoila f , N. Khaltaev g , J. Bousquet h,i , I. Annesi-Maesano j,k a Servic ¸o de Imunoalergologia, Hospital de Dona Estefa ˆnia, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisbon, Portugal b CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre - Respiratory Group, NOVA Medical School / Faculdade de Cie ˆncias Me ´dicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Ma ´rtires da Pa ´tria, 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal c Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal d Agostinho Neto Hospital, Praia, Cabo Verde e Dr. Baptista de Sousa Hospital, Mindelo, Cabo Verde f Departamento de Bioestatı ´stica e Informa ´tica, CEAUL, Faculdade de Cie ˆncias Me ´dicas (FCM), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal g WHO/GARD Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland h Department of Respiratory Diseases, ho ˆpital Arnaud-de-Villeneuve, University Hospital, Montpellier, France i Inserm, CESP Centre for research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, Villejuif, France j Inserm, UMR-S 1136, i-PLESP : EPAR, 75012 Paris, France k Universite ´ Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, UMR-S 1136, i-PLESP : EPAR, 75012 Paris, France Received 11 August 2014; accepted 3 June 2015 Abstract Background and objective. – Data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRD) are scarce or unavailable in most African countries. We aimed to determine the prevalence of CRD and associated risk factors in Cape Verde, at the primary healthcare level. Methods. – In the frame of the Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases, a cross-sectional study was carried out in October 2006 in 3256 outpatients (2142 women) (median age of 30 years) seeking care at primary healthcare departments, through a standardized interview questionnaire during two weeks. Results. – The prevalence of emphysema, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis, rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma were 0.7%, 2%, 4.5%, 12.3% and 6.2%, respectively. Current smoking was associated with emphysema (OR: 3.36; 95% CI: 0.97–11.40) and tuberculosis (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.07– 4.30), ever exposed to a dusty workplace with chronic bronchitis (OR: 2.20; CI 95%: 1.50–3.21) and rhinoconjunctivitis (OR: 1.56; CI 95%: 1.23– 1.98) and cooking or heating using an open fire with asthma (OR: 1.59; CI 95%: 1.16–2.19). The estimates of attributable risks percent indicated that, in the sample, a noticeable part of CRD could be attributed to active smoking, exposure to dust and biomass. Results varied according to gender, particularly regarding current smoking which was more important for men. Conclusions. – Tobacco smoking, exposure to dust at work and using an open fire were important risk factors for CRD. Our results suggest that if actions were taken in order to reduce the aforementioned exposures, an important CRD decrease could be achieved. # 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved. Keywords: Asthma; COPD; Tuberculosis; Rhinitis; Attributable risk; Smoking; Dust; Biomass Re ´sume ´ Position du proble `me. – Peu de donne ´es e ´pide ´miologiques sont disponibles sur les maladies respiratoires chroniques (MRC) dans la plupart des pays africains. Nous avons de ´termine ´, au niveau des structures de soins de sante ´ primaires, la pre ´valence des MRC et les facteurs de risque leur e ´tant associe ´s dans la Re ´publique du Cap-Vert. Available online at ScienceDirect www.sciencedirect.com Revue d’E ´ pide ´miologie et de Sante ´ Publique xxx (2015) xxx–xxx * Corresponding author. E-mail address: pmartinsalergo@gmail.com (P. Carreiro-Martins). + Models RESPE-813; No. of Pages 9 Please cite this article in press as: Carreiro-Martins P, et al. Distribution and etiology of chronic respiratory diseases in primary healthcare departments in Cape Verde. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2015.06.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2015.06.007 0398-7620/# 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.