Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics - Open Access Research Article JPB/Vol. S1/Special Issue 2008 95th ISCA –Bioinformatics Section ISSN:0974-276X Volume S1: S055-S065(2008) - S055 Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Between Diabetes vs Healthy Allam Appa Rao, Shyambabu M, Srinubabu Gedela Received April 20, 2008; Accepted May 15, 2008; Published May 25, 2008 Citation: Allam AR, Shyambabu M, Srinubabu G (2008) Microarray Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes Between Diabetes vs Healthy. J Proteomics Bioinform S1: S055-S065. doi:10.4172/jpb.s1000010 Copyright: © 2008 Allam AR, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract The expression profling of diabetes vs. healthy is a method of identifying genes potentially involved in the pathogenic process. Microarray analysis enable one to determine the relative level of expression of practically all genes in a genome, allowing the prediction of cellular plans for protein synthesis to be established. We therefore took the approach of using microarray analysis to provide a list of genes that are differentially expressed between diabetes vs. healthy. Statistical methodologies are employed for interpretation of microarray results. The present paper discusses the introduction to microarray analysis and statistical methods along with the application of our present study on differentially expressed genes of diabetes vs healthy. Introduction Completion of the human genome project, and the availability of complete genomes for model organisms, provided unprecedented prospects to the scientifc community to carry out investigations regarding the greater mysteries of life at the molecular level, i.e. “ from the bottom”. The availability of several genomic blueprints has allowed new approaches that are based on comprehensive molecular analyses (and which enhance the understanding of biological systems) to be devised especially for biomedical applications. These new approaches offer the potential to describe specifc types of genetic changes as well as patterns of altered gene expression and functions that defne, for instance, actual medical problems in the context of, but not entirely based on, symptoms. It is anticipated that these new methods will lead to identifcation of previously un- known features of individual disease characteristics and profle progression and response to treatment on the molecular basis. One of the most powerful tools that has been developed as a vehicle for carrying out such comprehensive analyses is the DNA microarray, or the “Gene chip”, which consists of a fat solid support with multiple probes that can be used to yield analytical signals (Suzuki et al, 2007). Since its inception, DNA microarray technology has gained widespread popularity for several reasons, including the fact that it allows a global snapshot of an organism’s gene expression at a given point time to be obtained. This is important because it is widely believed that thousands of genes and their products in a given living organism function in concert in a complicated and well-coordinated way to sup- port its activities. Thus, a technology that allows such a global picture to be obtained enhances the understanding of the molecular- level biology of an organism and is highly desirable from that perspective. Traditional molecular biology methods of research have generally worked on a single experiment basis, determining the functions of a specifc gene in given physiological, chemical and/or biochemical conditions, which means that the throughput is very limited and a comprehensive picture is hard to obtain. Biological Background Perhaps one of the most fundamental biological precepts is the crucial role played by proteins as functional molecules of living cells. They are known to be responsible for energy production, biosynthesis of macromolecular components, maintenance of the structural architecture of the cell and response to external stimuli. Specialization of cellular functions occurs when certain specifc proteins are produced to direct the essential activities of a given cell type. These proteins may be synthesized when the need arises for non- routine functions such as response to environmental results.