Vishal Chavda 1 and Snehal Patel 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmadabad 382481, Gujarat, India Abstract: Lyme’s Disease (LD) is a severe, rapidly growing, broad spectrum chronic infec- tion caused by the bacterium ‘Borrelia (B.) burgdorferi', which can be easily transmitted through the bite of certain species of ticks. The prevalence of LD is swiftly mounting in the present scenario in many countries from species to species. Although Lyme’s infection is now detectable via serologic examination of early and late Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), the management of persistent symptoms is still fraught with quora of doubt and debate. LD is a multisystem spirochete which results after the dissemination of B. burgdorferi from a dermal inoculation site after a tick bite. Lyme's infection can easily get transmitted to the central nervous system and develop various neurological symptoms due to inflammation and an autoimmune response from body may lead to life-threatening “Lyme Borreliosis”. The neu- rological symptoms are well mixed in presentation, late and confusing to get differentiated easily from other diseases. The use of antibiotics in post Lyme infection with neurological complications is still a topic of debate. Babesiosisstates, and human ehrlichiosis' the two other diseases, are associated with the same ticks that spread the LD. However, the preva- lence of diagnosed human cases is usually much lower than that of actual cases of LD due to misdiagnosis, late diagnosis or undiagnosis at y such lateral neuroinfection stage after the tick bite. The current review focuses on the molecular neuropathology and current advance- ments in LD. There are very few patents or discoveries made on borrelia infection, drawing attention towards more focused and targeted research for the cure. A R T I C L E H I S T O R Y Received: February 6, 2018 Revised: February 28, 2019 Accepted: March 18, 2019 DOI: 10.2174/1574891X14666190327114641 Keywords: Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), B. burgdorferi, neuro-inflammation, tick-borne disease, lyme disease vaccine, current therapeutics, mystifying disease. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Invasive Epidemiology of Lyme Dis- ease and the Progression of Neuroborreliosis Lyme’s Disease (LD) can affect people without the barrier of age. LD is an infection caused by bacteria called ‘Borrelia burgdorferi’ that belong to a family of bacteria ‘spirochetes’ the term was first coined by the German Physician Alfred Buchwald from Europe in 1883. In 1912, the *Address Correspondence to this Author at the Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmeda- bad-382481, Gujrat, India; Tel: +91 9099937466; E-mail: Snehalpharma53@gmail.com Swedish dermatologist Arvid Afzelius explained an erythema chronic migrans which is currently known as Erythema Migrans (EM). In the year of 1912, Garin and Bujadoux reported a case of me- ningoencephalitis with chronic painful sensory radiculitis and EM which were followed by the tick bite attributed to a spirochetal infection. In the mid-era of 1930s, many Ixodes ticks, which were previously known as deer ticks, were found to be associated with neurological complications like meningoencephalitis. By the progression of the 1940s, most of the cases with a tick bite and neu- rological complications considered as the tick- borne disease. Bannwarth showed several cases of 2212-4071/19 $58.00+.00 © 2019 Bentham Science Publishers Send Orders for Reprints to reprints@benthamscience.net Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery, 2019, 14, 49-68 49 REVIEW ARTICLE Lyme Neuroborreliosis - The Mystifying Pitfall: “Neuropathology and Current Therapeutics” Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery