Research Article Early Vascular Damage in Young Women with DM-1 and Its Relation to Anti-Müllerian Hormone: A Cross-Sectional Study Annelien C. de Kat, 1 Hendrik Gremmels, 2 Marianne C. Verhaar, 2 Frank J. M. Broekmans, 1 and Felicia Yarde 1 1 Department of Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands 2 Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands Correspondence should be addressed to Annelien C. de Kat; a.c.dekat@umcutrecht.nl Received 11 April 2016; Revised 2 August 2016; Accepted 2 August 2016 Academic Editor: Franco Veglio Copyright © 2016 Annelien C. de Kat et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Vascular function is suggested to be associated with ovarian reserve, but the relationship with microvascular function has never been studied. In this cross-sectional pilot study, the relationship of microvascular damage markers with AMH was studied in premenopausal women. Twenty-two regularly cycling women with type 1 diabetes (DM-1) and a reference group of 20 healthy regularly cycling women were included, from whom blood was drawn in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Te main outcome was the correlation between circulating progenitor cells (CPCs), markers for early vascular damage, and AMH, a marker for ovarian reserve. Secondary endpoints for early vascular impairment were circulating angiogenic cells and additional biomarkers. Median AMH levels were 2.2 g/L [1.2–3.5] in the DM-1 group and 2.1 g/L [0.85–3.8] in the reference group. CPCs were signifcantly decreased in women with DM-1; 1204 ± 537 CD34+/CD45dim cells were counted in the DM-1 group, compared to 2264 ± 1124 in the reference group. CPCs and other markers of early vascular damage were not correlated with AMH levels in a multivariable analysis. Tese results underscore previous fndings of early vascular damage in DM-1 and suggest that there may not be a relationship between vascular function and ovarian reserve. Trial Registration. Tis trial is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01665716. 1. Introduction Menopause is the term used to describe the end of a woman’s reproductive lifespan, following at least twelve consecutive months of amenorrhea [1]. Te ovarian aging process that dictates the onset of menopause results from a gradual decrease in both quantity of oocytes and their quality, altogether referred to as ovarian reserve [2]. Besides chrono- logical age, genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors are thought to infuence the pacing of ovarian aging [2, 3]. However, current knowledge of contributing factors to the decline of ovarian reserve remains scarce and determinants of the variation in rate of decline and age at menopause still remain to be elucidated. In the postmenopausal state, there is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [4]. Tis efect is associated with age at menopause [5] and is more profound in women with pre- mature menopause (<40 years), suggesting a cardiovascular protective role of the premenopausal endocrine environment [6]. Levels of anti-M¨ ullerian hormone (AMH), a marker that expresses ovarian reserve quantity [7, 8], were furthermore negatively correlated with atherosclerosis development and plaque size in a prospective primate study [9]. However, premenopausal cardiovascular risk was associated with age at menopause in a study with data from the Framingham Heart Study, leading to the hypothesis that the onset of menopause may be infuenced by cardiovascular risk status, rather than the reverse [10]. Tis hypothesis is supported by a study Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Endocrinology Volume 2016, Article ID 1487051, 7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1487051