Advances in atomic emission, absorption and fluorescence spectrometry, and related techniques Steve J. Hill,* a Simon Chenery, b John B. Dawson, c E. Hywel Evans,* a Andrew Fisher, a W. John Price, d Clare M. M. Smith, e Karen L. Sutton f and Julian F. Tyson g a Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, UK PL4 8AA. E-mail: hevans@plymouth.ac.uk; sjhill@plymouth.ac.uk b Analytical Geochemistry Group, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, UK NG12 5GG c Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester, UK M60 1QD d Ellenmoor, East Budleigh, Budleigh Salterton, Devon, UK EX9 7DQ e Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Ireland f Procter and Gamble Technical Centres Ltd., Rusham Park, Whitehall Lane, Egham, Surrey, UK TW20 9NW g Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Box 34 510, Amherst, MA, USA 01003-4510 Received 25th April 2000 1 Sample introduction 1.1 Preconcentration 1.1.1 Flow injection 1.1.2 Off-line preconcentration 1.2 Chemical vapour generation 1.2.1 Fundamental studies in hydride generation 1.2.2 Generation of other volatile compounds 1.2.3 Vapour generation of individual elements 1.2.3.1 Arsenic 1.2.3.2 Bismuth 1.2.3.3 Cadmium 1.2.3.4 Germanium 1.2.3.5 Lead 1.2.3.6 Antimony 1.2.3.7 Selenium 1.2.3.8 Tin 1.2.3.9 Tellurium 1.2.3.10 Mercury 1.3 Nebulization 1.4 Solid sampling 1.5 Electrothermal vaporization 1.5.1 ET-AAS 1.5.2 ETV-ICP-AES 1.5.3 In-torch vaporization ICP-AES 2 Instrumentation 2.1 Spectrometers 2.2 Sources and atom cells 2.2.1 Sources for optical emission spectroscopy 2.2.1.1 Plasmas 2.2.1.2 Discharge lamps 2.2.1.3 Other emission sources 2.2.2 Atom cells for atomic absorption spectrometry 2.2.2.1 Flame atomizers 2.2.2.2 Electrothermal atomization 2.2.2.3 Other atomizers 2.2.3 Sources for atomic absorption spectrometry 2.2.3.1 Continuum source AAS 2.2.3.2 Other sources 2.2.4 Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy 2.3 Detectors 2.3.1 Charge coupled devices (CCDs) 2.3.2 Charge injection devices (CIDs) 2.3.3 Other detectors 2.4 Background correction 2.5 Data acquisition and control 3 Fundamentals 3.1 Plasmas 3.1.1 Microwave induced plasmas 3.1.2 Glow discharges 3.1.3 Inductively coupled plasmas 3.1.4 Other 3.2 Flames 3.3 Furnaces 4 Laser-based analytical atomic spectrometry 4.1 Lasers as energy sources 4.1.1 Laser ablation 4.1.1.1 General studies 4.1.1.2 Atom vapour generators 4.1.2 Laser induced plasmas 4.1.2.1 Fundamental studies 4.1.2.2 Instrumentation 4.1.2.3 Applications 4.2 Lasers as sources of intense monochromatic radiation 4.2.1 Laser excited atomic fluorescence 4.2.1.1 Fundamental studies 4.2.1.2 Applications 4.2.2 Lasers in atomic absorption 4.2.2.1 Fundamental studies 4.2.2.2 Instrumentation 4.2.2.3 Applications 4.2.3 Miscellaneous uses of lasers 4.2.3.1 Laser enhanced ionization 4.2.3.2 Cavity ring-down spectroscopy 4.2.3.3 Coherent forward scattering 5 Chemometrics 6 Coupled techniques for speciation 6.1 Capillary electrophoresis 6.2 Gas chromatography 6.2.1 GC-AES 6.2.2 GC-AFS 6.2.3 GC-AAS 6.3 Liquid chromatography 6.3.1 LC-AAS 6.3.2 LC-AES 6.3.3 LC-AFS 7 References *Review co-ordinator, to whom correspondence should be addressed and from whom reprints may be obtained. DOI: 10.1039/b003255g J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2000, 15, 763–805 763 This journal is # The Royal Society of Chemistry 2000