Journal of Infectious Diseases & Travel Medicine ISSN: 2640-2653 Type 1 Interferon Dynamics in Bacterial Infection J Inf Dis Trav Med Type 1 Interferon Dynamics in Bacterial Infection Tania Rahman 1 * and Ferdous Seraj 2 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia 2 School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia *Corresponding author: Tania Rahman, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Email: tania.rahman@du.ac.bd Abstract Several reports have demonstrated that bacteria can induce type I interferon in infected cells and that IFN-I may help control bacterial infection. Moreover, type I IFN play an essential role in the immune homeostasis of gastrointestinal tract and maintain barrier integrity in endothelial cells. Also pDC produce large amount of type I IFN due to their constitutive expression of the transcription factor IRF-7. The work presented here has unravelled the potential of type 1 IFN in the immune system including various subtypes, their production by different cell types and their host defense against bacterial pathogens. These findings would help set up future avenues of research to elucidate a key mechanism of action of these cells and provide new therapeutic insights. Keywords: IFNAR1; IFNAR2; pDC; ISG; TLR4-TRIF pathway; TLR4-TRIF pathway; IFNAR1 -/- mice Introduction Interferons (IFN) are a heterogeneous class of soluble immune mediators which were discovered 50 year ago and named for their potent ability to “interfere” with viral replication [1,2]. The IFN family is primarily classified into three main subclasses — type I, type II and type III IFNs. In humans and mice, the type I IFN family consists of 16 members including IFNβ, IFNε, IFNκ and IFNω and 12 IFNα subtypes [3]. All type I IFN bind to a ubiquitously expressed heterodimeric receptor encompassing two common chains, IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 [4-6]. Once type I IFN bind to its receptor, it activates a signalling cascade including JAK/STAT pathway [7] to induce various type I interferon inducible genes I, such as 2 - oas, Isg15,Irgm, Pkr [8-11]. The biological functions of these ISGs include antiviral, antibacterial, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory [12]. Production of Type 1 IFN Type I IFNs can be produced by different cells, comprising leukocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells and the mechanisms by which pathogens are sensed can be different. Type I IFN is mainly produced in response to pathogen recognition receptor, such as TLR, NLR, RIG-I, AIM2, cGas and STING [13,14]. The signalling cascades that prime the induction of type I IFNs may vary according to the stimulus or the responding cell types [3]. For instance, ssRNA viruses or host cell products induce type I interferon production in pDCs, cDCs and macrophages through TLR7-MyD88 and TLR8-MyD88 pathway. dsRNA viruses induce type I interferon production in macrophages, cDCs and epithelial cells through TLR3-TRIF and RIG-1 pathway [15]. Gram negative bacteria induce type I interferon production in the macrophages and cDCs through TLR4-TRIF pathway Review Article Volume 2 Issue 3 Received Date: October 29, 2018 Published Date: December 02, 2018