Deffy Maryati, Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal, Margaretha Suharsini. Effects Of Video Modeling And The Visual Pedagogy Module In Reducing Stress Levels Among Children With Autism, As Evalu-
ated Using Salivary Alpha Amylase Levels. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;08(5):2401-2404.
2401
OPEN ACCESS https://scidoc.org/IJDOS.php
Effects Of Video Modeling And The Visual Pedagogy Module In Reducing Stress Levels Among
Children With Autism, As Evaluated Using Salivary Alpha Amylase Levels
Research Article
International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Science (IJDOS)
ISSN: 2377-8075
*Corresponding Author:
Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal,
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Salemba Raya No.4. Jakarta Pusat, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
Tel: +6281311283838
Email ID: Levi_pedo@yahoo.com
Received: April 09, 2021
Accepted: May 02, 2021
Published: May 08, 2021
Citation: Deffy Maryati, Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal, Margaretha Suharsini. Effects Of Video Modeling And The Visual Pedagogy Module In Reducing Stress Levels Among Children
With Autism, As Evaluated Using Salivary Alpha Amylase Levels. Int J Dentistry Oral Sci. 2021;08(5):2401-2404. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2377-8075-21000471
Copyright: Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal
©
2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Introduction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological development
disorder that can be detected as early as before the age of 2 years.
Its characteristics include delayed speech, impaired socialization,
and rigid, repetitive, and automatic behaviors that interfere with
one’s overall functioning [1]. This disorder is more common in
boys than in girls and can occur in all races, ethnicities, and socio-
economic groups [2]. The exact cause of autism is still unknown,
and theories of its etiology have changed over the years [3].
Stress is a behavioral or mental adaptive response to overcome
a stressor, including the need for increased attention to perform
mentally demanding tasks [4]. A physiological stress response
is a permanent adaptation to normal daily stressors. It triggers
the metabolic adaptation of acute stressors, which activate the
autonomic nervous system. Then, the adrenal medulla releases
signifcant amounts of epinephrine. One of the negative effects
caused by stress is anxiety. In children with ASD, diffculties with
communicationand social interaction cause cognitive and emo-
tional problems associated with increased stress, which results in
inappropriate social behavior [4].
Several methods, including social training and communication
that do not involve medical procedures, such as sedation and re-
strain, can be used to reduce anxiety during dental care [5]. The
literature has shown that electronic media, such as television and
video, are educational tools that are ideal for children with ASD
because this population is more likely to have a great interest in
visual stimulation [6]. A previous survey on caregivers has shown
that children with ASD have greater interest in watching televi-
sion and videos than using computers. Picture cards and promo-
Deffy Maryati
1
, Mochamad Fahlevi Rizal
2*
, Margaretha Suharsini
2
1
Pediatric Dentistry Post Graduate Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
2
Lecturer, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to compare the effcacy of video modeling and the visual pedagogy module Berkunjung ke
Dokter Gigi (VPM-BDG) in reducing stress level among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during dental care.
Material and Methods: This is a clinical experimental study.To assess salivary alpha amylase (sAA) levels, saliva samples
were collected before and after interventions. We included 20 children with ASD who were aged 6_10 years, diagnosed by
a pediatrician or psychiatrist, able to follow simple instructions, and in good health, who had never visited a dentist and had
no comorbid abnormalities. The participants were divided into two groups: the video modeling intervention group (n = 10)
and the VPM-BDG intervention group (n = 10). The Shapiro_Wilk test and Mann_Whitney U test were used to compare the
effcacy of video modeling and the VPM-BDG in reducing stress levels, as evaluated based on sAA level changes.
Results: A decrease in the sAA level was observed after video modeling and the VPM-BDG. The median sAA levels after
video modeling and the VPM-BDG were 16.50 and 15.50, respectively. The Mann_Whitney U test obtained a p value = 0.970
(p> 0.05), which indicated no signifcant difference between the two interventions.
Conclusion: Both video modeling and the VPM-BDG can reduce the stress level of children with ASD during dental care as
evaluated based on changes in the sAA concentration.
Keywords: Autism; Alpha Amylase; Saliva; Pedagogy.