ISSN 2347-3487 Volume 13 Number 5 Journal of Advances in Physics 4876 | Page May 2017 www.cirworld.com THE CONCEPTUAL DEFECT OF THE LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION OR ‘FREE FALL’: A DIALECTICAL REASSESSMENT OF KEPLER’S LAWS: Abdul Malek TECHNOLOGIE DMI 980 Rue Robert, Brossard, Québec J4X 1C9, Canada E-mail: abdulmalek@qc.aibn.com ABSTRACT The concept of the Universal Gravitation or “Free Fall” common to both Newton’s Law and the Theory of General Relativity (GR) of Albert Einstein is one-sided, idealistic and an anti-dialectical notion in cosmology. It is also in violation of the successful principle of Newton’s Third Law of “equal and opposite reaction” and the impossibility of the existence of a single isolated force in terrestrial mechanics. This conceptual defect of the theories of gravity as one-sided universal attraction leads to the abstract notions of superluminal velocity of free falling mass points, cosmic paradoxes, singularities, “Big Bang”, “Black Holes”, “dark matter” and other such cosmic mysteries. A dialectical perspective of Kepler’s laws and of the general dynamics of the cosmic objects may overcome these perceived mysteries in astrophysics and cosmology. Indexing terms/Keywords Conceptual defects, Universal Gravitation, “Free Fall”, Kepler’s Laws, Singularities, Dialectical Contradiction.. Academic Discipline And Sub-Disciplines Physics, Astrophysics, Dialectical Philosophy. SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION Physics, Philosophy TYPE (METHOD/APPROACH) Provide examples of relevant research types, methods, and approaches for this field: E.g., Historical Inquiry; Quasi- Experimental; Literary Analysis; Survey/Interview Dialectical Materialism Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630 A.D.) proposed his following three laws of the motion of the planets in the solar system (the last one in 1618) based on the painstakingly visual observation by Tycho Brahe (1546 – 1601 (A.D.): 1. The Law of Orbits: All planets move in elliptical orbits, with the sun at one focus. 2. The Law of Areas: A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times. 3. The Law of Periods: The square of the period of any planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. Kepler’s laws are not only valid for the planetary system, but also for the motions of natural and artificial satellites as well as to non-powered spacecraft in orbit near planets (1). These laws are independent of the possible secondary gravitational interactions (as perturbing effects) of the various planets on each other. Isaac Newton (1642 – 1727 A.D.) combined his own three laws of motion with Kepler’s laws of the planetary system to formulate his theory of gravity. Newton derived his law of gravitation directly from the Law of Periods of Kepler by adding a proportionality constant, in the following form: Where T is the period of rotation in earth years, a is the semi-major axis of the ellipse, M and m are respectively the mass of the sun and the planet and G is the gravitational constant. Newton put the suitable constant G to the Law of Period of Kepler to quantitatively define the force of gravity in the following form: According to Newton’s idea, gravitation is a universal attractive force F, which is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two bodies and inversely proportional to the squire of the distance (r) between them and is characterized by