Research Article Open Access Abougalambou et al. J DiabeteMeta 2011, 2:1 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000115 Volume 2 • Issue 1 • 1000115 J Diabete Metab ISSN:2155-6156 JDM, an open access journal Introduction Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk for a number of serious and sometimes life-threatening macro-and microvascular complications. Macrovascular disease, that includes coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease, is the leading cause of mortality in people with diabetes. Diabetes mellitus patients carry an increased risk two to four times greater for heart attack, stroke and other complications related to poor circulation [1] and depend on ADA [2] the majority of deaths are due to CHD. In another study by Vijan et al. [3] said that up to 80% of Type 2 diabetic patients will develop or die of macrovascular disease. Microvascular complications include efects on small vessels, including arterioles, capillaries and venules. Te development of these complications starts early in the pathogenesis of Type 2 DM and accounts for morbidity in the form of retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy In Malaysia, there is a growing public concern due to the escalation with number of people with diabetes while complication rates and associated diseases amongst diabetics are high. In addition high prevalence of complications such as blindness, end stage renal disease, lower extremity amputations as well as premature cardiovascular disease, stroke and premature mortality related to poor control of blood glucose [4]. Te present study was to determine prevalence and focused on presence risk factor afecting on diabetic vascular complications among type 2 diabetic outpatients in tertiary center. Material and Methods A prospective study was conducted for study period of one year (1 st Jan 2008 till 31 st Dec 2008) in order to determine the prevalence diabetic vascular complications and risk factors afect on these complications among type 2 diabetes mellitus in outpatient diabetic care at teaching hospital USM which is located in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. Te research‘s protocol was approved by the Human Research and Ethics Committee of the School of Medicine in the Universiti Sains Malaysia. Signed informed consent was obtained from all patients All patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, age range 18 to 88years, were screened for diabetic vascular complications. Te information obtained from the interview included the patient’s identifcation data such as age, sex, and race, alcohol, smoking history, physical activity and level of education. Tey were classifed smoking history to (never, previous, current), the level of education was classifed by the level of completion of their formal education either less than secondary school, secondary and more than secondary school and physical activity was classifed into active (if the duration of physical activity was equal or more than150min/week), and non active (if physical activity duration was less than 150 min/week). Glycaemic control based on measurement (poor glycaemic control if HbA1c >7%), and blood pressure (BP hypertension if systolic BP> 130 mm Hg or diastolic BP> 80 mm Hg. Diagnosis of retinopathy is based on fnding the diagnostic signs of retinopathy on eye exams by fundoscopy. Patients were considered to have neuropathy if symptoms of pain anesthesia, paresthesia, muscular weakness, loss of tendon refexes, and impaired vibration sense. Patients were considered to have nephropathy if they have microalbuminuria or proteinuria. Coronary artery disease was diagnosed by documented angina symptoms and confrmed by performed an ECG, or from results of percutaneous transcoronary angiography (PTCA) in patients record. Cerebrovascular disease was defned by present of transient ischemic attack or stroke in past medical history. Ethical approval of study Ethical approval was obtained for this research study from research and ethics committee, USM in January 2008. Result A total of 1077 Type 2 diabetic patients were involved in this study. About 476 were males and 601 were females, the mean (± SD) duration of Type 2 DM is 11 (± 6.81) years, ranging from less than one year to forty years. Te majority of patients 794 (73.7%) did not achieve target of HbA1c levels ≤ 7.0%. Positive family history of DM was 141 patients while a total of 936 patients had no known family history of diabetes. Type of vascular complications among type 2 dm patients Most of the patients, 841 (78%) had microvascular complications alone and 188 (17.5%) had combination of microvascular and macrovascular complications (Figure 1). Macrovascular complications In this study most of the diabetic patients 1014 (82.6%) had *Corresponding author: Salwa Selim Ibrahim Abougalambou, Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Universiti Sains , Malaysia (USM), E-mail: salwasl2005@yahoo.com Received January 19, 2011; Accepted January 26, 2011; Published January 27, 2011 Citation: Abougalambou SSI, Hassali MA, Sulaiman SAS, Abougalambou AS (2011) Prevalence of Vascular Complications among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients at Teaching Hospital in Malaysia. J Diabetes Metab 2:115. doi:10.4172/2155-6156.1000115 Copyright: © 2011 Abougalambou SSI, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Prevalence of Vascular Complications among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outpatients at Teaching Hospital in Malaysia Salwa Selim Ibrahim Abougalambou 1 *, Mohamed Azmi Hassali 2 , Syed Azhar Syed Sulaiman 3 and Ayman S. Abougalambou 4 1 Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) 2 Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM 3 Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USM 4 Cardiologist, National Heart Institute (IJN), Kuala Lumpur J o u r n a l o f D i a b e t e s & M e t a b o l i s m ISSN: 2155-6156 Journal of Diabetes and Metabolism