Research Article Advancing Parental Age and Risk of Solid Tumors in Children: A Case-Control Study in Peru Ligia Rios , Liliana Vásquez , Mónica Oscanoa, Iván Maza , and Jenny Gerónimo Pediatric Oncology Unit, Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hospital, 490 Domingo Cueto Avenue, Lima 11, Peru Correspondence should be addressed to Ligia Rios; literly@hotmail.com Received 20 November 2017; Revised 6 March 2018; Accepted 20 May 2018; Published 12 June 2018 Academic Editor: Tomas R. Chauncey Copyright © 2018 Ligia Rios et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background. Te causes of childhood cancer are not well known, but the advanced age of the parents has been suggested as a risk factor for childhood cancer in several observational studies. In this study, we examine a possible link between parental age and childhood solid tumors. Methods. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study (310 cases and 620 controls, matched by age and gender) at Rebagliati Hospital, Lima, Peru. Odd ratio was used to compare categories of advancing maternal and paternal age with and without adjusting for possible confounding factors were calculated. Results. Te risk of childhood retinoblastoma was signifcantly higher among children of mothers aged> 35 years (adjusted OR 1.21; 95% CI, 1.09-6.08) and fathers aged> 35 years (OR 1.17; 1.01-16.33). A signifcant trend with increasing mother's age (p = 0.037) and father's age (p = 0.005) was found. Tere were more risks to development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (p = 0.047) and gonadal germ cell tumors (p = 0.04) for advanced paternal age. Tere was a strong protective efect of increasing parity on risk of solid tumors in children (p=0.0015). Conclusion. Our results suggest that advanced parental age is associated with the risk for the development of retinoblastoma. Advanced paternal age increases the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and gonadal germ cell tumor. Te higher the order of birth of the children, the less the chance of developing any neoplasm. 1. Introduction Although the childhood cancer is a rare disease, during the last years, appearance of children’s cancer had a higher inci- dence rate, afecting approximately one in 435 children under age 15 years [1]. Several associated factors have been described in its development, like biological aspects (chromoso- mal anomalies, immunological alterations), environmental aspects (exposure to radiation, viral infections, socioeco- nomic status, and parental occupation), maternal aspects (breastfeeding, the mother’s consumption levels of alcohol or tobacco, nutritional supplements [2–4]), and familial features (family history of cancer, advance maternal and/or paternal age, and number of previous siblings); however the etiology for the most of childhood cancer is still unknown. Family structures have changed in relation to past gen- erations since nowadays, when maternity/paternity occurs, advancing maternal or paternal age and a lower number of children are also more likely to occur. Additionally, advanced maternal age has been positively linked with higher risk of having a child with Down syndrome, among other congenital disorders, which in turn has a higher incidence of acute myeloid and lymphoid leukaemia [5]. Advanced paternal age (as a factor independent of maternal age) could mean risk of disorders associated germ cell mutation [6]. Te link between advanced maternal and paternal age and a higher incidence of the appearance of children’s cancer has been revealed in studies conducted among patients with leukaemia [7–9], lymphomas, brain tumors [10], germ cell tumors, and malignant neoplasms in general [11–13] even though, in many other studies, such link has not been corroborated with consistent results [14–18]. Likewise, some studies show an increase in the risk of childhood cancer in the frst child [13, 14, 19] although, in many others, contradictory fndings have been made [7, 20]. To date, it has not been made clear if advanced parental age is linked with higher risk of children’s cancer; hence, the present study aims to determine whether advancing parental age is associated with an increased risk of childhood cancer in ofspring. Hindawi Journal of Oncology Volume 2018, Article ID 3924635, 9 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3924635