International Journal of Pharmaceutics 434 (2012) 366–374 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect International Journal of Pharmaceutics jo ur n al homep age: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpharm Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Antibacterial effect of novel synthesized sulfated -cyclodextrin crosslinked cotton fabric and its improved antibacterial activities with ZnO, TiO 2 and Ag nanoparticles coating S. Selvam a , R. Rajiv Gandhi a , J. Suresh a , S. Gowri a , S. Ravikumar b , M. Sundrarajan a,∗ a Advanced Green Chemistry Lab, Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamilnadu, India b Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, School of Marine Science, Alagappa University, Thondi Campus, Thondi 623409, Tamil Nadu, India a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 25 January 2012 Received in revised form 5 April 2012 Accepted 25 April 2012 Available online xxx Keywords: Sulfonation Pad-dry-cure -Cyclodextrin Crosslinking Antibacterial activity Nanoparticles a b s t r a c t Sulfated -cyclodextrin was synthesized from sulfonation of -cyclodextrin and sulfated polymer was crosslinked with cotton fabric using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as crosslinker. ZnO, TiO 2 and Ag nanoparticles were prepared and characterized by XRD, UV, DLS, SEM and PSA. The prepared nanoparti- cles were coated on crosslinked cotton fabric. The crosslinking and nanoparticles coating effects of cotton fabrics were studied by FTIR and SEM analysis. The antibacterial test was done against gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Escherichia coli bacterium. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Nanoparticles treated fabrics have some functional behaviors including antibacterial activity, UV-protection, self-cleaning etc. These properties increased in the modified fabrics by eco-friendly polymer modifications like chitosan and -cyclodextrin. These types of textile materials are needed in the increasingly demand- ing human society with environmental safety (Kitkulnumchai et al., 2008; Abidi et al., 2009; Sorapong et al., 2006). In increasing pop- ulation load, the consumption of cotton fabrics is also increased. So, the applications of cotton fabrics increased day by day. The improved qualities and functionalities of cotton fabrics are nec- essary for kid’s cloths, inner wears, medical bandage cloths (Teli and Shrish kumar, 2007). The structural modified cellulose fabric is possible and this type of fabric has some interesting properties. Our recent report deals with such type of modification that is - cyclodextrin modified cotton fabric with thymol for antibacterial activity (Rukmani and Sundrarajan, 2011) and PVP modification of cotton fabric and its improved antibacterial activity was tested with ZnO nanoparticles coating (Selvam and Sundrarajan, 2012). -Cyclodextrin is a water soluble carbohydrate polymer con- taining seven glucose units linked by glucosidic bonds like a shallow ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 94444 96151; fax: +91 04565 225202. E-mail address: sundrarajan@yahoo.com (M. Sundrarajan). truncated cone shape. It has a hydrophobic cavity and a hydrophilic exterior. The structural modified -cyclodextrin has increased reactivity by sulfonic acid groups (Biwer et al., 2002; Biswas and Biswas, 2005; Martin and Valle, 2004). The -cyclodextrin polymer has been covalently fixed on cotton fabric by a polycondensation reaction at controlled conditions. The -cyclodextrin modification on cotton fibers occurred through the formation of a crosslinking between hydroxyl groups of cotton and -cyclodextrin polymer (Pipatchanchai and Srikulkit, 2007). The -cyclodextrin polymer solution has the ability to anchor on cotton fabrics through gelation process in order to impart new surface property of cotton. The suit- able technical condition of forming stable -cyclodextrin solution has been reported. The -cyclodextrins are able to form inclusion complexes with other guest components (Sorapong et al., 2006). The introduction of sulfonic acid groups ( SO 3 H) on polymer surfaces has been found for important biomedical applications. It has been shown that the expansion on polymeric materials is improved if the surface of the polymer contains sulfonic acid groups (Loftsson and Duchene, 2007). Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins have been mainly described. The use of cyclodex- trins in textile processes has been studied by some researchers (Loftsson and Marcus Brewster, 2010; Buschmann et al., 2001; Cireli and Yurdakul, 2006). A hot water treatment could transform the morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of cotton fabric from sphere and rod to needle shape through a recrystallization process Ostrovsky 0378-5173/$ – see front matter © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.069