wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/anzjog 397 © 2018 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists INTRODUCTION In less than a decade, the feld of prenatal testing has been trans- formed by the introduction of cell-free DNA-based (cfDNA) screen- ing for aneuploidy and the use of chromosomal microarrays for prenatal diagnostic analysis. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RANZCOG) statement on Prenatal Screening for Fetal Chromosome and Genetic Conditions has been recently updated. 1 This article com- plements that statement by answering some of the frequently asked questions from College members. Further background on the biology and technical basis of cfDNA screening have been DOI: 10.1111/ajo.12834 CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE Contemporary prenatal aneuploidy screening practice in Australia: Frequently asked questions in the cell-free DNA era Wawrzyniec Rieder 1,2 , Scott White 3,4 , George McGillivray 1,5,6 and Lisa Hui 1,5,7,8 Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 58: 397–403 1 Mercy Perinatal, Mercy Hospital for Women, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland 3 Maternal Fetal Medicine Service, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 4 Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 5 Public Health Genetics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 6 Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 7 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 8 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Northers Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Correspondence: Dr Wawrzyniec Rieder, Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, 3084 Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. Email: wawrzy.rieder@gmail.com Conficts of Interest: The authors report no conficts of interest. Received: 18 March 2018; Accepted: 7 May 2018 Cell-free DNA screening has quickly become established in Australia as an accu- rate – albeit costly – prenatal screening test for trisomy 21, 18 and 13. It is also commonly used for the detection of sex chromosome abnormalities. The increas- ing number of prenatal screening pathways available to women has increased the complexity of pretest counselling. Concurrent advances in diagnostic testing with the widespread use of chromosomal microarrays create further challenges for the continuing education of clinicians and health consumers. This article aims to answer common clinical questions in this rapidly evolving feld and comple- ments the recently updated Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Statement on Prenatal Screening for Fetal Chromosome and Genetic Conditions. KEYWORDS aneuploidy, cell-free DNA, noninvasive prenatal testing, prenatal screening, trisomy 21