©The Journal of Risk and Insurance, 2001, Vol. 68, No. 4, 581–614
581
URBAN HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE MARKETS IN TEXAS:
A SEARCH FOR REDLINING
Robert W. Klein
Martin F. Grace
ABSTRACT
There has been a continuing debate in Texas and other states about the avail-
ability and cost of home insurance to residents of inner city and minority
neighborhoods. Consumer and community advocates contend that insur-
ers engage in redlining, or unfair discrimination against minority areas, by
charging excessive prices and limiting the supply of insurance. Unfortu-
nately, insurance redlining allegations have been largely based on simple
comparisons of minority and nonminority areas that do not consider the
influence of other factors. In this article, the authors build on a more rigor-
ous vein of research by using econometric analysis to identify measurable
factors that affect urban homeowners insurance markets. While this study
cannot conclusively prove or disprove the presence and negative effect
of unfair discrimination, it assesses whether significant statistical evidence
exists for such behavior. The authors conclude that no statistical evidence of
redlining exists and that the risk of loss and the demand for insurance ap-
pear to primarily drive the terms of insurance transactions. This conclusion
implies that measures directed toward enhancing safety and bettering eco-
nomic conditions offer the best prospects for improving urban insurance
markets.
INTRODUCTION
Problems with the availability and cost of home insurance in urban communities and
allegations of industry “redlining” practices have received considerable political atten-
tion and generated an intense policy debate. This 40-year debate has progressed as
urban communities and industry practices have evolved. Charges of explicit racial
discrimination have changed to allegations of implicit unfair discrimination against minor-
ity areas caused by certain industry marketing, pricing, and underwriting methods.
Robert W. Klein is associate professor and director of the Risk Management and Insurance
Department at the J. Mack Robinson College of Business of Georgia State University, Atlanta.
Martin F. Grace is professor of risk management and insurance and legal studies, associate
director of the Center for Risk Management and Insurance Research, and holder of the
James S. Kemper Professorship in the Risk Management and Insurance Department at the
J. Mack Robinson College of Business of GSU.