Research (or Technical) paper for the International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education Designing low carbon higher education systems: Environmental impacts of campus and distance learning systems Robin Roy Design Innovation Group, The Open University, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK. Tel +44 (0)1908 652944 Fax: +44 (0)1908 654052 Email: r.roy@open.ac.uk Stephen Potter Design Innovation Group, The Open University, UK Karen Yarrow Research Consultant, Cheltenham, UK Revised final version 12 July 2007