1 Spatial variation of PM 2.5 , PM 10, PM 2.5 absorbance and PM coarse concentrations between 1 and within 20 European study areas and the relationship with NO 2 – results of the 2 ESCAPE project 3 4 Marloes Eeftens 1 , Ming-Yi Tsai 2.3.4 , Christophe Ampe 5 , Bernhard Anwander 6 , Rob Beelen 1 , 5 Tom Bellander 7 , Giulia Cesaroni 8 , Marta Cirach 9,10,11 , Josef Cyrys 12 , Kees de Hoogh 13 , 6 Audrey De Nazelle 9,10,11 , Frank de Vocht 14 , Christophe Declercq 15 , Audrius Dėdelė 16 , Kirsten 7 Eriksen 17 , Claudia Galassi 18 , Regina Gražulevičienė 16 , Georgios Grivas 19 , Joachim Heinrich 12 , 8 Barbara Hoffmann 20 , Minas Iakovides 21 , Alex Ineichen 2,3 , Klea Katsouyanni 22 , Michal 9 Korek 7 , Ursula Krämer 20 , Thomas Kuhlbusch 23 , Timo Lanki 24 , Christian Madsen 25 , Kees 10 Meliefste 1 , Anna Mölter 14 , Gioia Mosler 13 , Mark Nieuwenhuijsen 9,10,11 , Marieke 11 Oldenwening 1 , Arto Pennanen 24 , Nicole Probst-Hensch 2,3 , Ulrich Quass 23 , Ole Raaschou- 12 Nielsen 17 , Andrea Ranzi 26 , Euripides Stephanou 21 , Dorothee Sugiri 20 , Orsolya Udvardy 27 , Éva 13 Vaskövi 27 , Gudrun Weinmayr 20,28 , Bert Brunekreef 1,29 , Gerard Hoek 1 14 15 Affiliations: 16 1 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD Utrecht, The 17 Netherlands 18 2 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland 19 3 University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland 20 4 Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA 21 5 AIRPARIF, Paris, France 22 6 Institut für Umwelt und Lebensmittelsicherheit des Landes Vorarlberg, Bregenz, Austria 23 7 Institute of Environmental Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden 24 8 Epidemiology Department, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome, Italy 25 9 Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain 26 10 IMIM (Hospital del Mar Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain 27