Sex Roles, Vol. 10, Nos. 7/8, 1984
Cultural Variations in Sex-Typing 1
Susan A. Basow
Lafayette College
The sex-typing of 581 Fifi secondary school and 240 university students was
measured using the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PA Q). Same-sex-typing is
less marked in Fifi than in the United States, and there are no differences be-
tween the sexes in sex-typing patterns. Minor ethnic group variations among
Fifi students occur. University students, especially females, are more similar to
their United States counterparts than are secondary school students. The pat-
tern of intercorrelations of PAQ scales suggests a different definition of sex roles
in the two countries. The use of the PAQ to tap meaningful cultural differences
is discussed.
The usefulness of examining individuals' sex-typing - the degree to which they
possess instrumental (masculine) and expressive (feminine) characteristics-
has been amply documented in recent years (see Basow, 1980). The typical
distribution of sex-typing categories in the United States has been fairly consistent
when large numbers of individuals are studied, despite the use of two different
measuring instruments in most research- the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI;
Bern, 1974), and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ; Spence, Helmreich,
& Stapp, 1974). In general, about one-third of each sex are same-sex-typed, one
third are androgynous (high in both instrumental and expressive traits), one-
tenth are cross-sex-typed, and one-quarter are undifferentiated (low in both
instrumental and expressive traits). Although there are slight differences by age
and sex, the stability of the general distribution of sex-typing in the United States
is notable. Some of the stability comes from the practice of using the median-
split procedure, based on the median Masculinity and Femininity scores of the
aPortions of this research were funded by Grant No. P-798-R-7 from Lafayette College's
Committee on Advanced Study and Research. The author's appreciation goes to members
of the School of Education at the University of the South Pacific for their helpfulness
during the course of this research, as well as to the Ministry of Education and to the
principal of the five secondary schools studied.
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