Introduction
An edible coating or film has been defined as a thin,
continuous layer of edible materials, which may be
eaten together with the food, formed or placed, on or
between foods or food components. Their function is
to provide a barrier to mass transfer (water, gas and
lipids), to serve as a carrier of food ingredients and
additives (pigments, flavours, etc.), or to provide
mechanical and microbial protection.
Water vapour adsorption data give the hydration
properties of polymers. Thus, sorption isotherms
(adsorption and desorption) of these films have been
extensively studied [1–6] to investigate the moisture
sorption behaviour of methyl cellulose films in order
to evaluate some functional properties of films such
as barrier property and stability of the films.
The objective of this work is to produce and
characterize cellulose-based films. For this purpose sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and hydroxypropyl
cellulose (HPC) were used as the cellulose-based film
forming materials. Films were characterized by using
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD).
In addition, the water vapour sorption properties of
the films were determined.
Experimental
Materials
The film forming materials hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC)
(M
w
=370.000 g mol
–1
) and carboxymethyl cellulose
sodium salt (NaCMC) (M
w
=250.000 g mol
–1
), used in
this study, were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Glycerol
was used as the plasticizer and was purchased from
Merck. Deionized water was used as a solvent throughout
the experiment.
Film preparation
To prepare films HPC or NaCMC (3, 4 or 5 g) were first
dissolved in deionised water (100 cm
3
) at room temper-
ature by continuously stirring the solution for 4 h. After
complete dissolution of film forming materials, glycerol
was added as a plasticizer at 10% dry mass and the solu-
tions were homogenized with a magnetic stirrer at room
temperature for 1 h. Then, the solutions were kept in a
vacuum oven at 25°C for about 48 h to remove airbub-
bles or dissolved air. Finally, the solutions were spread on
glass plates by using an automatic film applicator (Sheen
Automatic Film Applicator 1133N). The spread films
were dried at room temperature for 48 h, then at 60°C in
an oven for 25 min. Finally they were detached from the
glass plates, covered with paper and stored at room tem-
perature. The thickness of the films were measured with
a digital micrometer at ten different locations. Film
thicknesses were approximately measured as 10, 20 and
30 mm for films prepared from solutions with 3, 4,
5 mass% polymer concentration, respectively.
Methods
Morphology of the films using SEM
Each film was mounted on aluminum stubs using alu-
minum sticky tape and coated with gold palladium
film in a VG Microtech SC 7610 Sputter coater. Then,
the specimen was examined using a Philips XL 30S
FEG electron microscope.
1388–6150/$20.00 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary
© 2008 Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 94 (2008) 3, 683–686
SORPTION AND DIFFUSION OF WATER VAPOUR ON EDIBLE FILMS
D. Berkün
*
, D. Balköse, F. TÏhmÏnlÏoÈlu and S. A. AltÏnkaya
Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Gülbah ¸e Köyü, 35437 Urla-Izmir, Turkey
Two types of films consisting of sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as film forming
materials and glycerin as plasticizer were prepared, characterized and their water vapour sorption properties were determined.
The water sorption isotherms of the films were measured using a magnetic suspension balance. Results show that diffusion
of water vapour in NaCMC based film is faster than that in HPC based films, due to the heterogeneous structure and larger pore di-
mensions of the NaCMC films.
Keywords: cellulose films, diffusion, sorption, surface characterisation
* Author for correspondence: didemberkun@iyte.edu.tr