Research Article
Relationship between Hedonic Hunger and Health Interest on
Habit and Sodium Intake Patterns in Food Consumption
Imam Santoso ,
1,2
Susinggih Wijana,
3
Afita Ismawati,
1
and Wenny Bekti Sunarharum
4
1
Agroindustrial Management Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
2
Creative Agroindustry Research group, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
3
Agro-chemistry Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
4
Sensory and Applied Food Science Research Group, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Correspondence should be addressed to Imam Santoso; imamsantoso@ub.ac.id
Received 4 March 2019; Accepted 3 July 2019; Published 22 July 2019
Academic Editor: Salam A. Ibrahim
Copyright © 2019 Imam Santoso et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Many people are motivated to eat healthily but fnd it difcult to override established and less healthy habits. Habits, by their
nature, are unconscious and cued by the environment, thus making them powerful determinants of behavior. Tis study examined
how hedonic hunger and health interest are related to habit and whether sodium consumption is mediated by hedonic hunger,
health interest, and habit. A total of 117 students of Universitas Brawijaya took part in the study. Data analysis were done using
Partial Least Square (PLS) and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). PLS was used to analyze the infuence
of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. SQ-FFQ was used to determine sodium intake in grams/day.
Te average sodium intake in this study was 2.47 grams/day. Tis analysis shows that hedonic hunger and health interest had a
signifcant impact on health habits but not on sodium intake.
1. Introduction
Consumers ofen mention that health considerations are one
of the motivations for choosing particular foods [1]. Adequate
nutrition intake is an important aspect of leading a healthy life
[2]. Te importance of health is important to some people
when choosing which food to consume [3]. Misguided diet
or inappropriate food selection can be factors in developing
various diseases such as high blood pressure (hypertension).
Research shows that people who are very motivated to meet
their health goals form healthy eating habits and do not have
to struggle against unwanted desires [4].
Based on [5], every year, 9.4 million people risk death
from heart disease and stroke because of high blood pressure.
If these two diseases are combined, they are the number
one cause of death in the world. Hypertension also increases
the risk of kidney failure, blindness, and other diseases and
ofen coincides with other health risk factors such as obe-
sity, diabetes high cholesterol. Interestingly, WHO reported
that high-income countries had lower rates of hypertension
compared to low to middle-income countries. Based on
Indonesian’s Ministry of Health data in 2013, 25.8% of its
population sufered from hypertension. In Indonesia, there
has been a shif in eating patterns to the consumption of fast
food and preserved foods. Tis type of consumption pattern
has developed very quickly, especially in major cities. It is
known that fast food and preserved food contain high salt,
saturated fats also low in fat that can cause hypertension.
One of the high risk factors in developing hypertension
is increased salt intake [6]. Salt is a source of sodium [7].
Sodium is not only found in table salt, but also found
naturally in most foods, including milk, cream, eggs, meat,
and clams. High quantities of sodium are also found in
processed foods such as bread, crackers; processed meats,
such as bacon, sausages and ham; snacks such as pop-
corn; and spices such as soy sauce, fsh sauce and broth
[8]. According to [9], people are ofen unaware of the
amount of salt they consume. Uncontrolled sodium intake
is caused by casual dietary consumption patterns such as
habit, hedonic hunger and health interest. Decreasing sodium
intake is proven to signifcantly reduce blood pressure in
adults.
Hindawi
International Journal of Food Science
Volume 2019, Article ID 9517140, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9517140