Regulatory Profile Changes of Lymphocytes and Peripheral Blood Monocytes in Children with Candidiasis Associated with Chronic Somatic Diseases Elena V. Agafonova 1,2 & Farida F. Rizvanova 3,1 & Ayzada E. Kadyrova 4 & Levon Abrahamyan 5 Published online: 22 July 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 Abstract In this paper, we report results of the study of im- mune parameters with the assessment of regulatory and effec- tor subpopulations of lymphocytes and monocytes with can- didiasis in children with chronic somatic diseases (secondary pyelonephritis and obstructive diseases of the upper gastroin- testinal tract). Candidiasis was diagnosed by the rising level of circulating Candida albicans mannan antigen and culture my- cological research. It was found that the persistence of fungi is associated with differentiated regulatory changes in the struc- ture of subpopulations of lymphocytes and monocytes with preferential increase of immunosuppressive cells (CD4+ CD25+hi, CD3+CD16/56+, CD3-CD8+, CD3+4-8-) amid reduction of effector subpopulations of lymphocytes and an- tigen presenting cells associated with Th1 immune response profile. Keywords Candidiasis . Chronic somatic diseases . Subpopulation of lymphocytes and monocytes 1 Introduction The widespread occurrence of immunodeficiency disorders in children characterized by chronic inflammatory conditions determines the growth of lesions triggered by fungi of the genus Candida. Most studies examine the pathogenic role of immunodeficiency disorders in triggering, chronicity, and pro- gression of fungal invasions in the setting of chronic somatic diseases [1–3]. The persistence of fungi of the genus Candida is a marker of an immunodeficiency state, mainly of a cellular immunity [3, 4]. The main mechanisms of the fungal flora effect involve the impact on the immunological reactivity of fungal components, of which the antigens of the cell wall are the most important ones [3, 5, 6]. Mannoprotein antigen of Candida albicans has an ability to initiate the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 and pro- voke the increased production of interleukin-10 and survival of CD4+CD25+ hi cells [7]. Yeast mannan suppresses phago- cytosis by the induction of interleukin IL-4 production; the mechanisms limiting the ejection of oxygen and nitrogen de- rivatives toxic to the fungus have been described [8]; it influ- ences the expression of aging markers in peripheral blood cells through neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages re- ceptor apparatus, in which case monocytes lose their ability to secrete interleukin-12 and convert naive T lymphocytes into memory T cells [9]. The fungus component’ s effect on the immunological profile has been examined mainly in adult patients; at the same time, the etiopathogenic aspects of the fungal flora effect on the mechanisms of immunodeficiency formation in children are still insufficiently studied. In view of this fact, the immunological profile of children diagnosed with * Elena V. Agafonova Agafono@mail.ru * Levon Abrahamyan levon.abrahamyan@umontreal.ca 1 Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova Str., Kazan 420012, Russia 2 Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology Rospotrebnadzor, 67 B. Red. Str. 67, Kazan 420015, Russia 3 Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan 420008, Russia 4 I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991, 8-2 Trubetskaya Str., Moscow, Russia 5 Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP) and Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC, St-Hyacinthe J2S 2M2, Canada BioNanoSci. (2017) 7:627–632 DOI 10.1007/s12668-017-0430-2