International Journal of Advances in Medicine | September 2020 | Vol 7 | Issue 9 Page 1380 International Journal of Advances in Medicine Reema N et al. Int J Adv Med. 2020 Sep;7(9):1380-1387 http://www.ijmedicine.com pISSN 2349-3925 | eISSN 2349-3933 Original Research Article A study of magnitude and correlates of altered bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of central rural India Ningthoukhongjam Reema 1 , Jyoti Jain 2 *, Thangjam Gautam Singh 3 , Shashank Banait 4 INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21 st century. India has earned the dubious distinction of “diabetes capital of World” with highest prevalence in World (62 million). 1,2 The metabolic dysregulation associated with DM causes patho-physiologic changes in almost all organ system in the body including bone metabolism and bone mass. 1-3 Causes of such changes are multifactorial and complex. Hyperglycemia increases osteoclast function but decreases osteoblast function, thereby leading to accelerated bone loss, osteopenia and osteoporosis. Bone loss may further be aggrevated by a decrease in neovascularization and other is advanced glycated end products (AGEs), which may eventually result in low-impact or fragility fractures. 4 Subsequently BMD is reduced in T2DM. 5 Bone mineral density (BMD) identifies osteopenia, osteoporosis and can predict ABSTRACT Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21 st century. It is a metabolic disease that affects multiple organ system in the body including bone metabolism and bone mass. There is high prevalence of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients leading to osteoporosis, osteopenia and fracture. The aim of the present study was to find the magnitude and correlates of altered BMD in T2DM patients of central rural India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central rural India from 2014 to 2016. It comprises of 200 T2DM patients with aged ≥35 years. Bone mineral density measurements were done by using peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results: Mean age of study subjects was 56.13±11.12 years with 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Our study results showed the magnitude of decreased BMD was 82%. 53% of the study subjects were osteoporotic and 29% were osteopenic. Significant associations were detected between decreased BMD and old age, female gender, high body mass index, high fasting blood sugar, high HbA1c and low serum calcium on multivariate analysis. Conclusions: The prevalence of decreased BMD in patients with T2DM of central rural India is high, especially in females’ patients, obese patients, and uncontrolled diabetic patients. Awareness amongst the health care provider of this changes will directly affect the treatment decisions for patients, thereby preventing osteoporosis, osteopenia and mitigating potential fracture risk. Keywords: Bone mineral density, DEXA, Osteoporosis, Type II diabetes mellitus 1 Department of Medicine, RIMS, Imphal, Manipur, India 2 Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sewagram, Wardha, Maharashtra, India 3 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Shija Hospitals, Imphal, Manipur, India 4 Department of Opthalmology, JNMC, Sawangi, Maharashtra, India Received: 28 June 2020 Accepted: 30 July 2020 *Correspondence: Dr. Jyoti Jain, E-mail: jyotisewagram@gmail.com Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20203603