JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE, IDENTITY, AND EDUCATION, 6(2), 117–130
Copyright © 2007, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Hybrid Identities in Quebec
Hip-Hop: Language, Territory, and
Ethnicity in the Mix
Mela Sarkar and Dawn Allen
McGill University
Montreal is the metropolitan hub of the province of Quebec, a French-speaking
island in officially bilingual, but de facto majority English-speaking, Canada. The
current youth generation represents a variety of ethnolinguistic backgrounds—
French and English Canadian, but also many different immigrant-origin groups,
including large Haitian and Hispanophone populations. Young adults and adoles-
cents share French as a common language through schooling. In Quebec, hip-
hop, a privileged literary–artistic and political medium for this generation, not
only reflects its multilingual, multiethnic base, but also constitutes an active and
dynamic site for the development of an oppositional community that encourages the
formation of new, hybrid identities for youth. The authors draw on interviews with
rappers of Haitian, Dominican, and African origin, and analysis of lyrics by these
MCs, to highlight ways in which the discourses of “conscious” Quebec hip-hop
promotes particular ideologies and identities in a context of migration/resettlement
and globalization of youth culture.
Key words: hip-hop, rap, identity, multilingual, Quebec, youth culture
In the modern age, we have come to understand our own selves as composites,
often contradictory, even internally incompatible. We have understood that each of
us is many different people. The nineteenth-century concept of the integrated
self has been replaced by this jostling crowd of “I” ’s. And yet, unless we are
damaged, or deranged, we usually have a relatively clear sense of who we are.I
agree with my many selves to call all of them “me.”
—Salman Rushdie (2002, p. 163)
Correspondence should be sent to Mela Sarkar, McGill University.