Metalloid polymer nanoparticle functionalized graphene oxide working electrode for durable glucose sensing Murugan Veerapandian a,b , Hye Yoon Kim c , Yeong-Tai Seo d , Kook-Nyung Lee c , Kyusik Yun a, *, Min-Ho Lee c, * a Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 461-701, Republic of Korea b Departement de Chimie, Universite de Montreal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada c Korea Electronics Technology Institute, Medical IT Technology, Gyeonggi-do 463-816, Republic of Korea d School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-600, Republic of Korea 1. Introduction Self-monitoring of metabolic disorders through novel biosen- sors is regarded as vital methodology for a more complete understanding of many health issues [1]. Among metabolic disorders, diabetes mellitus is quoted as the ‘‘global burden’’ according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). IDF world-wide statistics reported that 366 million people are found to have diabetes in 2011 and it is expected to become 552 million by 2030. Furthermore, diabetes caused 4.6 million deaths in 2011. Proper health care awareness, including physical exercises and dietary management can enable a healthy life style. On the other hand, monitoring of hyperglycemic serum and/or urine glucose level can identify the issues and possibly assists an individual to maintain their healthy life style. Although there are several biosensing methods available for monitoring the relevant bioa- nalytes, electrochemical-based monitoring devices are predomi- nate in practical applications than other biosensor methods due to their low fabrication cost, high sensitivity, superior selectivity and simple integration [2–4]. Even though significant electrochemical based analysis have been applied to the development of blood glucose [5–9] and urine glucose sensors [1,10–12], there are further valuable optimizations required for bio-diagnostics in this field. For instance, reusable self- monitoring devices, with amplified analytical performance, the capacity to resist interference, and self-contained multiplex features are highly desirable for such applications. Furthermore, the development of new, high-performance and durable enzymatic electrochemical biosensors with appropriate supporting matrices for promoting direct electron transfer (DET) behaviors is of potential interest for device applications [13]. The chemical modification of electrodes, especially with nanoscale materials such as carbon nanostructures [14,15], noble metal nanoparticles [16,17] and metal oxides [18], provide significant microenviron- ments for the immobilization of enzymes. Such hybrid nanostruc- tured electrodes have not only retained the biological activity of surface immobilized enzymes but also enhance electron transfer kinetics between biomolecules and the electrode. Graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) are different types of thin carbon nanosheet materials, with different surface chemical functionality on their edges and basal Materials Research Bulletin 49 (2014) 593–600 A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 14 May 2013 Received in revised form 23 August 2013 Accepted 29 September 2013 Available online 8 October 2013 Keywords: A. Nanostructures A. Structural materials B. Chemical synthesis C. Electrochemical measurements D. Electrochemical properties A B S T R A C T A new class of functionalized graphene oxide (FGO) nanosheet based amperometric glucose biosensor platform has been fabricated. FGO nanosheet comprises of chemically bound metalloid polymer hybrid (MPH) nanoparticles (average size of 12.5 2 nm) on the surface of a graphene oxide (GO) nanosheet. Spectroscopic characterization indicated that MPHs are well distributed, with a strong binding affinity between the GO nanosheets. The synergistic features of the metalloid polymer and the GO resulted in a unique three-dimensional nano-architecture on a gold-printed circuit board electrode (Au-PCB). The electrocatalytic response against a glucose sample is predominant, with a characteristic response time of 7 s, correlation co-efficient of 0.9981 and a wide linear range of up to 55.5 mM. The stability of the nano- architecture modified on the electrode substrate is suitably durable for long-term application. The practical applicability of the fabricated electrode system was evaluated using a hyperglycemic clinical samples, and was compared with a commercial glucose biosensor. The obtained amperometric results were in good agreement with those of the commercial biosensor, and are promising for further clinical applications. ß 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. * Corresponding authors. Tel.: +82 31 789 7549; fax: +82 31 789 7559. E-mail addresses: ykyusik@gachon.ac.kr, momugan@gmail.com (K. Yun), mhlee@keti.re.kr (M.-H. Lee). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Materials Research Bulletin jo u rn al h om ep age: ww w.els evier.c o m/lo c ate/mat res b u 0025-5408/$ – see front matter ß 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.09.045