Editorial Volume 2 Issue 2 - February 2017 DOI: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.02.555584 Adv Biotech & Micro Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ajar Nath Yadav Extreme Cold Environments: A Suitable Niche for Selection of Novel Psychrotrophic Microbes for Biotechnological Applications Ajar Nath Yadav 1 *, Priyanka Verma 2 , Vinod Kumar 1 , Shashwati Ghosh Sachan 3 and Anil Kumar Saxena 4 1 Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, India 2 Department of Microbiology, Eternal University, India 3 Department of Bio-Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, India 4 ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, India Submission: January 27, 2017; Published: February 06, 2017 *Corresponding author: Ajar Nath Yadav, Assistant professor, Department of Biotechnology, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, India, Tel: ; Email: Editorial The microbiomes of cold environments are of particular importance in global ecology since the majority of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of our planet are permanently or seasonally submitted to cold temperatures. Earth is primarily a cold, marine planet with 90% of the ocean’s waters being at 5°C or lower. Permafrost soils, glaciers, polar sea ice, and snow cover make up 20% of the Earth’s surface environments. Microbial communities under cold habitats have been undergone the physiological adaptations to low temperature and chemical stress. Recently, these communities have attained the focus of applied research not only in terms of biotechnological prospects but also to understand the use of primitive analogues of biomolecules existed during early Earth environments [1,2]. The microbiomes of cold environments have been extensively investigated in the past few years with a focus on culture dependent and culture-independent techniques. Cold-adapted microorganisms have been reported from Antarctic sub-glacial, permanently ice-covered lakes, cloud droplets, ice cap cores from considerable depth, snow and ice glaciers [3-6]. Many novel microbes have been sort out from cold environments including Halobacterium lacusprofundi [7], Sphingobacterium antarcticus [8], Octadecabacter arcticus [9], Hymenobacter roseosalivarius [10], Cellulophaga algicola [11], Flavobacterium frigidarium [12], Oleispira antarctica [13], Flavobacterium psychrolimnae [14], Psychromonas ingrahamii [15], Exiguobacterium soli [16], Pseudomonas extremaustralis [17], Cryobacterium roopkundense [18], Sphingomonas glacialis [19], Pedobacter arcticus [20], Sphingobacterium psychroaquaticum [21], Lacinutrix jangbogonensis [22], Massilia eurypsychrophila [23], Glaciimonas frigoris [24] and Psychrobacter pocilloporae [25]. There are several reports on whole genome sequences of novel and potential psychrotrophic microbes [26,27]. The novel species of psychrotrophic microbes have been isolated worldwide and reported from different domain archaea, bacteria and fungi which included members of phylum Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Firmicutes and Euryarchaeota [7-25]. Along with novel species of psychrotrophic microbes, some microbial species including Arthrobacter nicotianae, Brevundimonas terrae, Paenibacillus tylopili and Pseudomonas cedrina have been reported first time from cold deserts of NW Himalayas and exhibited multifunctional plant growth promoting (PGP) attributes at low temperatures [5]. In a study by Yadav et al. [6], the microbial species Alishewanella sp., Aurantimonas altamirensis, Bacillus baekryungensis, B. marisflavi, Desemzia incerta, Paenibacillus xylanexedens, Pontibacillus sp., Providencia sp., P. frederiksbergensis, Sinobaca beijingensis and Vibrio metschnikovii have been reported first time from high altitude and low temperature environments of Indian Himalayas. Wheat associated psychrotrophic bacteria Arthrobacter methylotrophus and Pseudomonas rhodesiae have been reported first time from wheat growing in North hills zone of India [28]. In a specific search of economically important Bacillus and Bacillus derived genera (BBDG) at low temperature, Various BBDG such as Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. altitudinis, B. Muralis, Paenibacillus tylopili, P. pabuli, P. terrae and P. lautus with efficient PGP attributes have been reported first time by Yadav et al. [29]. Prospecting the cold habitats has led to the isolation of a great diversity of psychrotrophic microbiomes. The bacterial Adv Biotech & Micro 2(2): AIBM.MS.ID.555584 (2017) 0046