American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2018, 9, 482-499
http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajac
ISSN Online: 2156-8278
ISSN Print: 2156-8251
DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2018.910036 Oct. 24, 2018 482 American Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater under
Different Growing Seasons for the Spinach
Production
Majida Mcheik
1,2,3
, Joumana Toufaily
1,2
, Mariam Akil
1,2
, Tayssir Hamieh
1,2
,
Marie Therese Abi Saab
4
, Bachar Haj Hassan
2
, Youssef Rouphael
5
1
Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods Labortory (MCEMA), Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et
de Technologies (EDST), FS (Science Faculty), Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
2
Laboratoire des Etudes Appliquées au Développement Durable et Energie Renouvelable (LEADDER), PRASE, EDST, Université
Libanaise, Hadath, Liban
3
Ministry of Agriculture, Bir Hassan, Lebanon
4
Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute, Fanar, Lebanon
5
University of Naples, Naples, Italy
Abstract
A study was conducted in the Bekaa valley of Lebanon aiming to produce
spinach leaves with treated effluent from Joub Janine plant under two grow-
ing seasons. Two experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block
design. The effect of water quality on the qualitative, quantitative aspects and
microbiological contamination of leaves was assessed. The results showed
that the treated wastewater from Joub Janine plant was of category III. The
highest mean marketable yields was recorded for T7 (4727 g·m
−2
) followed by
T6 (3533 g·m
−2
) that were drip irrigated with treated wastewater. The uptake
of K, Mg, Na and Cl was significantly 49.09%, 30.20%, 96.79% and 33.20%,
respectively, higher in the spring than in autumn. The nitrate levels in all
treatments and seasons were below the maximum level in foodstuffs as pro-
vided by the European Commission regulations. For the lipophilic fraction,
there was no significant difference among treatments and also among treat-
ments and seasons interacting together and the highest hydrophilic fraction
and total phenols levels recorded for the autumn rather than the summer
season. In general, pathogenic bacteria was absent on spinach leaves for all
treatments and growing seasons.
Keywords
Treated Wastewater, Spinach Cultivation, Mineral Composition, Qualitative
Parameters
How to cite this paper: Mcheik, M., Tou-
faily, J., Akil, M., Hamieh, T., Saab, M.T.A.,
Hassan, B.H. and Rouphael, Y. (2018) Reuse
of Treated Municipal Wastewater under
Different Growing Seasons for the Spinach
Production. American Journal of Analytical
Chemistry, 9, 482-499.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2018.910036
Received: August 21, 2018
Accepted: October 21, 2018
Published: October 24, 2018
Copyright © 2018 by authors and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access