At different points in our careers and in differ-
ent ways, we realized that there must be a balance
between personal representations and con-
ventional representations. This stance gradu-
ally became a part of our philosophies and
pedagogies. We since have found that focus-
ing on the meaning that students make of the
mathematics they do and the representations they
use is more revealing of their understanding than is
looking for our representations in their work.
A Notion of
Representation
Many of us assume that children’s representations are
little more than their haphazard recording of mathe-
matical work. However, in Principles and Standards
for School Mathematics, the National Council of
Teachers of Mathematics (2000) suggests that “teach-
ers can gain valuable insights into students’ ways of
interpreting and thinking about mathematics by look-
ing at their representations” (p. 68). This view implies
that children’s representations provide clues to the
ways that children make sense of the mathematics
that they are learning. Holding this view of represen-
tations also helps us see representations as paths into
dialogues with children about their mathematical
thinking; it also helps us view these representations as
“bridges . . . to more conventional ones, when appro-
priate” (NCTM 2000, p. 68).
196 TEACHING CHILDREN MATHEMATICS
It’s Not Just
Notation:
Jill A. Perry and
Sandra L. Atkins
Jill Perry, perry@rowan.edu, teaches general and mathematics pedagogy courses to preservice
teachers at Rowan University in Glassboro, New Jersey. She is interested in the connections
among mathematics, language, literacy, representation, and communication. Sandra Atkins,
sandra_atkins@mcgraw-hill.com, is a senior mathematics consultant for Wright Group/
McGraw-Hill in Bothell, Washington. Her interests are in mathematical communication and the
relationship of mathematical reasoning to representations.
Valuing Children’s
Representations
M
athematics teachers often say to their students, “Show your work,” when what they really
mean is, “Show this to me as I showed it to you” or “Show my work.” During our first few
years as mathematics teachers, we spent much of our time trying to make our students think
as we thought—to use the symbols that we were using in the ways in which we were using them. We find it
uncomfortable to admit that during those years we spent little time trying to find out what our students were
thinking. We valued the process and product looking like ours more than the process and product being theirs.
We expected our students to use conventional representations before we had given them sufficient time to
develop mathematical concepts.
Copyright © 2002 The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Inc. www.nctm.org. All rights reserved.
This material may not be copied or distributed electronically or in any other format without written permission from NCTM.