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Can the Hypnotized Subaltern Speak? Assessing 19th Century
Gujarati Travelogues to England
Dhwani Vaishnav
Assistant Professor, Shantilal Shah Engineering College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat. Orcid Id:
0000-0002-9528-7934. Email: dnv_07_eng@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Travel broadens the mind but it would be interesting to trace how many people actually have the
opportunity to travel and learn something new. Even if travel is one of the most natural human instincts,
written expression of travel experiences, i.e., travelogue is considered as a minor genre of literature. It is
only in the latter half of the 20
th
century that this genre gained popularity within literary circles. Indian
travel writing and specially Gujarati travelogues started being written in the 19
th
century, an age of social
reformation in India. This paper endeavours to study three early Gujarati travelogues about journeys to
England made by Mahipatram Rupram Nilkanth, Karasandas Mulji (both written in Gujarati) and Behramji
Malabari (written in English) as representative writing depicting how Indians were influenced by the
English and took note of English life during the age of colonialism. Mahipatram and Mulji faced uproar
from their community but ventured to visit the land of the masters. Malabari as a student of humanity,
went to search the truths of life, especially the study of human progress in two different civilizations by
travelling and adopting a comparative method for which he thought a metropolis like London was the best
place. The age of social reformation had already injected sparks of bringing change in these travellers. The
grandeur of the English land hypnotized these subalterns. Hence, Mahipatram and Karsandas have tried to
present a beautiful picture of the places whereas Malabari does not make any exception in his criticism
about the life and culture of England. This paper analyzes the experiences of these three travels which were
made between 1860 and 1890 and show how these travellers perceived the function of the British Raj in
India and actually in their own land. Their awe, pleasure and dislike about a culture and a nation that was
governing their own land for a long time would also be highlighted.
Keywords: travel, social reformation, colonialism, subaltern, Gujarati travelogue
Life, as the most ancient of all metaphors insists, is a journey; and
the travel book, in its deceptive simulation if the journey’s fits and
starts, rehearses life’s own fragmentation.
-Jonathan Raban
Humans have travelled for various purposes like religious visits, commerce, education, migration
and rehabilitation in his own country and in foreign lands. Travel for pleasure comes quite later
with the modern developments and facilities. In a country like India, the metaphor of travel is
attributed to everything including journey of ideas, life and death. In this sense, any journey can
be constructed as a travel narrative. Ancient Indian writers like Ved Vyasa, Valmiki and Kalidas
must have been passionate travellers. Their narrations capture picturesque view of pan-India
which clearly exhibit that the idea of travel has always fascinated the Indian imagination as a path
of learning and cultural construct. It is evident from the accounts of places and people in folk
narratives, epics, chronicles and plays. In the modern context, travelogue, like the novel, is often
Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities (ISSN 0975-2935)
Indexed by Web of Science, Scopus, DOAJ, ERIHPLUS
Themed Issue on “India and Travel Narratives” (Vol. 12, No. 3, 2020)
Guest-edited by: Ms. Somdatta Mandal, PhD
Full Text: http://rupkatha.com/V12/n3/v12n320.pdf
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v12n3.20