Universal Journal of Educational Research 8(4): 1135-1148, 2020 http://www.hrpub.org
DOI: 10.13189/ujer.2020.080403
Occupation and Gender Stereotypes in Primary School:
The Case of the English Language Coursebooks in
Greek Primary Schools
Vassiliki Teliousi
1,*
, Makrina Zafiri
2
, Vassiliki Pliogou
1
1
School of Education, Metropolitan College Thessaloniki, Greece
2
Foreign Language Office, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Received November 26, 2019; Revised February 25, 2020; Accepted March, 12, 2020
Copyright©2020 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License
Abstract This research refers to gender stereotypes,
which exist in English language coursebooks in Greek
primary schools and the possible influence these
stereotypes may exert on the choice and development of
an individual’s career. After conducting a content analysis
on the Primary School’s English language coursebooks,
the results prove the existence of gender stereotypes
mainly in the 5
th
and 6
th
grade coursebooks. The
references and pictures, which show male performing
certain occupations obviously outnumber the ones
depicting female occupations. Furthermore, in the
coursebooks, there are stereotypical ideas such as: manual
occupations which are ruled by men, while occupations
which relate to education and care are performed by
women. Moreover, an attempt was made to triangulate
this research with semi-structured interviews, which were
conducted to English language teachers. According to the
English language teachers’ experiences, the existence of
gender stereotypes on occupation is evident in the English
language coursebooks of the 4
th
,5
th
and 6
th
grades, but is
minimal in the textbook of the 3
rd
grade. To sum up, most
of the teachers, who were interviewed claim that later in
life, career choice is influenced by the stereotypes which
exist in the 4
th
,5
th
and 6
th
grade coursebooks, but only to a
limited extent. According to the teachers who were
interviewed, the teaching methods and approaches, which
are applied by the teachers and which concern the
teaching of the coursebooks and the social and family
background of the students are the main factors, which
influence the student and which exert a strong impact on
the student’s career choice.
Keywords Gender Stereotypes, English Language
Coursebooks, EFL Teaching, Career Choice, Male
Occupations, Female Occupations
1. Introduction
Despite the progress of the Greek educational system
through the past decades, gender stereotypes, which have
affected all social walks of life for centuries, seem to be
reproduced consciously or subconsciously, even today, in
several facets of the Greek educational system [1]. Gender
influences are instrumental in students’ career choice [2].
Everyday school routine, along with the role of the teacher,
constitutes a significant part of the student’s social
environment, and from as early as primary school the
aforementioned seem to affect the school performance of
students as well as the formation of their opinion on
matters such as the choice of a job or an occupation. More
particularly, school coursebooks contain gender
stereotypes, which have a strong influence on the
formation of their ideas and perceptions about the role of
each gender in society and also lead students to specific
choices and expectations [3]. Research shows that the
gender gap which exists in the school environment has an
impact on students’ studies, career choices and
occupations later on in life. This can be avoided if
methods and practices for integrating gender equality in
schools are applied, at an early stage, by teachers [4]. An
overview to studies which exist worldwide on gender
representations in the primary school coursebooks proves
that gender stereotypes still exist, at least in coursebooks,
and consequently, if we take into account the teachers’
opinions, they are still evident in the daily school life of
all students in Greece. Something which has not been
researched, so far, is the possible influence of gender
stereotypes on English primary school coursebooks in
Greece which relate and influence the future occupation or
career choice of Greek students. This constitutes the topic
of this study.
The main purpose of the present study is to probe into
the gender stereotypes which relate to occupations and