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Layer-separated distribution of nitrogen doped graphene
by wrapping on carbon nitride tetrapods for enhanced
oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium
Sreekuttan M. Unni
a,b
, Rajith Illathvalappil
a
, Pranav K. Gangadharan,
a
Siddheswar N.
Bhange
a
and Sreekumar Kurungot
a,b
*.
Experimental
Graphene oxide (GO) synthesis: In a typical synthesis, a mixture of graphite flakes and
potassium permanganate (KMnO
4
) was slowly added to the 9:1 mixture of con. sulphuric
acid (H
2
SO
4
) and phosphoric acid (H
3
PO
4
). The mixture was stirred for 12 h at 60
o
C. After
cooling to room temperature, deionised water (DI water) was added to dilute the mixture
followed by the addition of 30% hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) to remove unreacted manganese
oxide. While adding the peroxide into the acid mixture, the original pink colour of the
mixture turned to yellow. The resulting solution was washed several times with nitric acid
(HNO
3
), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ethanol. pH of the solution was reduced using
continuous washing with DI water till the pH reaches above 4. The resulting reddish brown
viscous solution was washed with diethyl ether and kept for drying at a temperature of 60
o
C
in vacuum oven.
Preparation of CN
x
wrapped nitrogen doped graphene (CNG): CNG with different NG
loading was synthesised using a simple scalable approach. In a typical synthesis, washed
melamine foam was dipped in the GO solution (4 mg/ml) followed by drying using an IR
lamp. For different loading of GO in the melamine foam, the number of dipping was
changed. Dried GO-melamine foam was annealed at 900
o
C for 3 h in argon atmosphere. The
Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for ChemComm.
This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014