INVITED REVIEW The importance of genetic variability and population differentiation in the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx for conservation, in the context of habitat and climate change Krzysztof SCHMIDT Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230 Bialowiez ˙ a, Poland. E-mail: kschmidt@zbs.bialowieza.pl Miroslaw RATKIEWICZ* Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, S ´ wierkowa 20 B, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland. E-mail: ermi@uwb.edu.pl Maciej K. KONOPIN ´ SKI Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: konopinski@iop.krakow.pl ABSTRACT 1. The Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx occupies a variety of environmental and climatic conditions, and the majority of present-day European populations have either recovered from severe demographic bottlenecks, or are living in fragmented habitat. These factors may have affected the genetic variability of lynx populations. We summarize available data on genetics, population status and ecology of these felids to shed light on the pattern and mechanisms behind their genetic variability and population differentiation in Europe. 2. Genetic studies conducted so far, based on mtDNA and microsatellites, have shown that the Eurasian lynx has low to moderate genetic variability. Variability is lowest in the north (Scandinavian bottlenecked population), but is also low in the Carpathian region. A trend towards loss of genetic variation has been noted in fragmented and reintroduced populations. Genetically, the populations are highly differentiated from each other. 3. There are clear relationships between the pattern of lynx genetic variability, differentiation between the populations, and such factors as population history (demographic bottlenecks), social interactions and habitat fragmentation. The genetic divergence between lynx populations is also strongly correlated with the depth and duration of snow cover. 4. Our review provides evidence that the lynx is undergoing significant genetic differentiation, due to several factors. To enable better planning of conservation programmes for the Eurasian lynx, researchers should identify the Evolutionarily Significant Units among its populations, using different classes of molecular markers. Keywords: climatic factors, dispersal, predator–prey relationships, population ecology, social organization Mammal Review (2011), 41, 112–124 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00180.x *Correspondence author. Mammal Rev. 2011, Volume 41, No. 2, 112–124. Printed in Singapore. © 2011 The Authors. Mammal Review © 2011 Mammal Society, Mammal Review, 41, 112–124