Materials Sciences and Applications, 2011, 2, 1302-1306
doi:10.4236/msa.2011.29176 Published Online September 2011 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/msa)
Copyright © 2011 SciRes. MSA
Effect of Calcinations Temperature on
Crystallography and Nanoparticles in ZnO Disk
Urai Seetawan
1
, Suwit Jugsujinda
1
, Tosawat Seetawan
1*
, Ackradate Ratchasin
1
,
Chanipat Euvananont
2
, Chabaipon Junin
2
, Chanchana Thanachayanont
2
, Prasarn Chainaronk
3
1
Thermoelectrics Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand;
2
National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand;
3
Program of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ubonratchathani Rajabhat University, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand.
Email:
*
t_seetawan@snru.ac.th
Received April 22
nd
, 2011; revised May 30
th
, 2011; accepted June 7
th
, 2011.
ABSTRACT
We proposed a good calcinations condition of the ZnO disk to control the crystallography and nanoparticles in ZnO
disk. The crystallography of precursor powder and disk powder were analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The
mean nanoparticles of ZnO disk was determinate by XRD results and observed by scanning electron microscope. The
temperature ranges of 400˚C to 650˚C in air for 30 minutes were used calcinations ZnO disk. These temperature can be
controlled the single phase, lattice parameters, unit cell volume, crystalline size, d-value, texture coefficient and bond
lengths of Zn–Zn, Zn–O and O–O which correspond significantly the hexagonal crystal structure. The nanoparticles
were small changed mean of 76.59 nm at the calcinations temperature range.
Keywords: Nanoparticles in ZnO Disk, Calcinations Temperature, Crystallography of ZnO
1. Introduction
Zinc oxide nanomaterials are interesting and have been
developed in recent years because of their physical and
chemical properties, which promote an achievement of
high performance materials for various applications. Re-
cently, many studies have been made in order to under-
stand the microstructure, electrical properties and ther-
moelectric properties of ZnO for application. For exam-
ples, the varistor ceramics [1], luminescent materials [2],
new coplanar gas sensor array [3], application of sun-
screen nanoparticles [4] and, finally, impure ZnO materi-
als are of great interest for high temperature thermoelec-
tric application [5].
In this work, we report an analysis the effect of calci-
nations temperature on phase identification, lattice pa-
rameters, crystal structure, orientation, texture coefficient,
bond length of Zn–Zn, Zn–O and O–O, powder distribu-
tion and powder size in ZnO disk for control the
nanopowder in ZnO disk or tendency apply the ZnO disk
to thermoelectric material.
2. Experimental
The ZnO precursor of nanopowder was synthesized by di-
rect precipitation method using Zn(NO
3
)
2
ฺ·6H
2
O (QRëC
TM
,
98.5% purity), (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
(QRëC
TM
, 99.5% purity),
ethanol, and de-ionized water. Firstly, Zn(NO
3
)
2
ฺ·6H
2
O
and (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
were dissolved in de–ionized water by
the vigorously stirring to form solutions with 1.5 and
2.25 mol/L concentrations, respectively. Secondly, the
precipitates obtained by the reaction between the
Zn(NO
3
)
2
and the (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
solutions were collected by
filtration and rinsed three times with de–ionized water
and ethanol, respectively, then washed and dried at 80˚C
to form the precursor of nanopowder. The calcinations
temperature was investigated by the relationship between
the weight loss and temperature by using thermal gra-
vimetric analysis (TGA–DTA/DSC; NETZSCH STA
449C). Finally, the precursor of nanopowder was pres-
sured by the hydraulic press about 160 MPa in air to ob-
tain the ZnO disk. The disk was calcinated at temperature
range 400˚C to 650˚C in air for 30 minutes. The crystal-
lography of precursor of powder and disk powder were
analyzed by X–ray diffraction (XRD; PW1710) with a
Cu–K1( = 0.15406 nm) source at 40 kV and 30 mA.
The morphology of the precursor of powder and disk
powder were observed by a scanning electron micro-
scope (SEM; JSM–6100). The particle size (D) of pre-
cursor and disk powder were calculated by the Debye–