Niaz Hussain Keerio et al., Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2021, 12(4), 2345-2349 RĊěĎĊĜ AėęĎĈđĊ IēęĊėēĆęĎĔēĆđ JĔĚėēĆđ Ĕċ RĊĘĊĆėĈč Ďē PčĆėĒĆĈĊĚęĎĈĆđ SĈĎĊēĈĊĘ Published by JK Welfare & Pharmascope Foundation Journal Home Page: www.pharmascope.org/ijrps A Review on The Complications and Management of Osteoporosis Mohsin Aijaz Soomro 1 , Raheel Akbar Baloch 2 , Najeeb ur Rehman 3 , Niaz Hussain Keerio *4 , Muhammad Faraz Jokhio 5 , Ajmal Khan Silro 6 , Syed Shahid Noor 7 1 Suleman Roshan Medical Collage, Tando Adam, Pakistan 2 Department of Orthopedic, Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan 3 Department of Orthopedic, Peoples University of health and Sciences for Women, Nawabshah, Pakistan 4 Muhammad Medical College and Hospital, Mirpur Khas, Pakistan 5 Department of Orthopedic, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Science, Jamshoro, Pakistan 6 Department of Orthopedic, Dibba Hospital, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates 7 Department of Orthopedic, Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College, Karachi, Pakistan Article History: Received on: 05 Aug 2021 Revised on: 08 Sep 2021 Accepted on: 11 Sep 2021 Keywords: Osteoporosis, osteoporosis management, bone mineral density, fracture risk management AćĘęėĆĈę Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is characterized by low bone min- eral density. It also disrupts the microarchitectural of the bone. In leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fractures. Even while it occurs in persons of various ages and ethnicities (including Caucasians and whites), it is more common among Caucasians (whites), elderly people, and women. Osteoporo- sis is becoming a global epidemic as the world’s population ages and lives longer. Osteoporosis affects an estimated 200 million individuals worldwide. It affects a 3 rd of women and one in every 12 men. This increases morbidity as well as mortality due to several complications. Moreover, It also reduces the patient’s quality of life, lengthens their life expectancy when they are dis- abled, and places a heavy ϐinancial load on the health insurance systems of countries that are responsible for their care. Thus, it is essential to improve diagnostic methods and to introduce early intervention to prevent this dis- ease. Lifestyle modiϐication is an important recommendation for the popu- lation at risk. There are several pharmacological interventions that could be taken to prevent osteoporosis as vitamin D and calcium supplements and to treat osteoporosis as bisphosphonates and anabolic drugs. The most impor- tant step in the treatment is tailored to the individual patients and to optimize the treatment according to each case individually. Therefore, increasing doc- tor awareness, which promotes improved awareness among the general pub- lic, will be useful in averting this epidemic. * Corresponding Author Name: Niaz Hussain Keerio Phone: 00923333008501 Email: niaz_h@hotmail.com ISSN: 0975-7538 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v12i4.4867 Production and Hosted by Pharmascope.org © 2021 | All rights reserved. INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis is a disease that affects bone min- eral density (BMD) which leads to increased bone fragility and more susceptibility to pathologic frac- tures with minor trauma. Osteoporosis also affects the microarchitecture of bone which also con- tributes to increased incidence of fractures (NIH Consensus Development Panel, 2001). Osteoporo- sis is deϐined by a T-score of dual X-ray absorp- tiometry (DXA) of -2.5 or more standard deviation © International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2345