Volume 4 • Issue 4 • 1000157 J Clin Res Bioeth ISSN: 2155-9627 JCRB, an open access journal Research Article Open Access Anogwih et al., J Clin Res Bioeth 2013, 4:4 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9627.1000157 Keywords: Spinosad; Larvicide; Poecilia reticulate; Anopheles gambiae s.s; Culex quinquefasciatus Introduction Current eforts at mosquito control in Nigeria and indeed the whole of Africa have gradually drifed away from the more traditional larviciding and environmental management to almost solely on disease management and domestic adulticiding since the discovery of the dangers of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Despite ease of application, disease management and adulticiding alone have failed to interrupt mosquito vector burden on a nationwide basis evidenced by the continual establishment of new cases of mosquito related diseases and subsequently death, particularly amongst children under the age of fve and pregnant women [1]. While it is true that mosquitoes cannot be totally eliminated in any ecosystem, good mosquito management practices that consider environmental issues must be adopted within the purview of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) to keep mosquito population below the level of public health concern. Integrated Vector Management is the targeted use of diferent vector control methods alone or in combination to achieve the greatest disease control benefts in the most cost efective manner while minimising negative impacts on the ecosystem e.g. depletion of biodiversity and adverse side efects on public health [2]. Te larval stages of mosquito vector are the most vulnerable stages because they are confned by their nature to various aquatic media making control practices easier, more efective and highly sustainable. When mosquito larvae are efectively targeted, the transmission chain in the mosquito life cycle is broken, thereby resulting in a more sustainable mosquito control programme. Terefore, to achieve an efective and long lasting mosquito control programme there is a need to reprioritize larval control practice and adopt the “double barreled” approach inherent in a good IVM System. Existing and efcacious chemical larval control methods can be combined with non-chemical larval control methods such as the use of guppy fsh that occupy several open drainages in Lagos, Nigeria. Guppies have been credited for their high larvivorus potential against mosquito vectors in many parts of the world [3-10]. As efcient biological control agent, guppies need to be protected from the deleterious efects of larvicides. Spinosad is an insect control product derived from the fermentation of a soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa [11]. Tis compound was shown to cause cytogenotoxic damage to guppy species at higher concentration [12]. It was therefore pertinent to conduct an initial investigation on the genotoxic and ultra structural efects of the biolarvicide at low concentrations in bid to establish a dosage solution that is compatible to apply in an aquatic ecosystem particularly for integrated mosquito larval control practice where the integrity of the fsh as a support control agent is to be ensured. Micronucleus (MN) is considered as the most suitable and efective method to use in fsh when evaluating the genotoxic efects of xenobiotics because of its simplicity and ease of scoring [13-15]. Te success of integrated mosquito larval control *Corresponding author: Anogwih JA, Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Nigeria, Tel: +2348035506661; E-mail : janogwih@unilag.edu.ng Received July 14, 2013; Accepted September 27, 2013; Published October 07, 2013 Citation: Anogwih JA, Saliu JK, Linton EW, Makanjuola WA, Chukwu LO (2013) The Compatibility of Spindor Dust with Poecilia reticulata for Integrated Mosquito Larviciding. J Clin Res Bioeth 4: 157. doi:10.4172/2155-9627.1000157 Copyright: © 2013 Anogwih JA, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The Compatibility of Spindor Dust with Poecilia reticulata for Integrated Mosquito Larviciding Anogwih JA 1 *, Saliu JK 1 , Linton EW 2 , Makanjuola WA 1 and Chukwu LO 3 1 Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Nigeria 2 Biology Department, Central Michigan University, Nigeria 3 Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria Abstract Background: The compatibility of spindor dust (spinosad), a bio-rational larvicide derived from the fermentation of a soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa, was investigated on the mosquito fsh, Poecilia reticulata, and larvae of both Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Methods: Three replicates of each to different concentrations of spinosad dust under static bioassay were performed to determine the acute toxicity of the larvicide on each organism. To investigate the genotoxic and ultrastructural changes in P. reticulata, the fsh were exposed for 28 days to low concentrations of the test larvicide capable of killing 30% and 70% of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. Thereafter, gill and intestinal cells were removed at days 3 and 28 respectively, and then processed for epifuorescent and transmission electron microscopic studies. Results: Spinosad showed no lethal toxic effect on P. reticulata but caused an appreciable mortality to Anopheles and Culex larvae with 24h LC 50 values of 59.34 μgL -1 and 73.06 μgL -1 respectively. The larvicide failed to signifcantly induce micronuclei in the fsh as determined with acridine orange assay (P>0.05). Marked damage characterised by pycnotic nuclei, loss of cristae in mitochondria, dense and degraded cytoplasm was mostly found in the exposed intestinal cells of the fsh and the damage severity increased with increasing concentration of spinosad. Conclusion: Spinosad at 49 μgL -1 seems to be the threshold above which severe damage occurred in the fsh. Therefore, spinosad is only compatible with P. reticulata for integrated mosquito larval control at concentration not greater than 49 μgL -1 . Journal of Clinical Research Bioethics J o u r n a l o f C l i n i c a l R e s e a r c h & B i o e t h i c s ISSN: 2155-9627