Research Article
Hybrid Structures Applied to Subalgebras of BCH-Algebras
G. Muhiuddin ,
1
D. Al-Kadi ,
2
W.A. Khan,
3
and C. Jana
4
1
Department of Mathematics, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Mathematics and Statistic, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, P.O. Box 1664,
Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Applied Mathematics with Oceanology and Computer Programming, Vidyasagar University,
Midnapore 721102, India
Correspondence should be addressed to G. Muhiuddin; chishtygm@gmail.com
Received 17 April 2021; Accepted 4 July 2021; Published 16 July 2021
Academic Editor: Kifayat Ullah
Copyright©2021G.Muhiuddinetal.isisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
e algebraic structures have many applications in coding theory, cryptography, and security networks. In this paper, the notion
of hybrid subalgebras of BCH-algebras is introduced and related properties are investigated. Moreover, some characterizations of
hybrid subalgebras of BCH-algebras are given. Furthermore, we state and prove some theorems in hybrid subalgebras of
BCH-algebras. e homomorphic images and inverse images of fuzzy BCH-subalgebras are studied and discussed.
1. Introduction
e notions of BCK/BCI-algebras were initiated by Imai
and Is´ eki in 1966. A number of research papers have been
produced on the theory of BCK/BCI-algebras. Hu and Li
[1, 2] introduced the notion of a BCH-algebra as a gen-
eralization of BCK/BCI-algebras and subsequently gave
examples of proper BCH-algebras and studied some
properties. Certain other properties of BCH-algebras have
been studied by Ahmad [3], Dudek and omys [4],
Chaudhry [5], Roh et al. [6, 7], Chaudhry et al. [8], and Dar
et al. [9], and Smarandache structure has been applied to
BCH-algebra [10].
Fuzzy sets, which were introduced in the 1960s by Zadeh
[11], have been developed considerably by many research
studies. Molodtsov introduced the concept of soft set [12]
and pointed out several directions for its applications (for
more details, see [12–15]). is concept was applied to BCH-
algebras introducing soft BCH-algebras which were studied
in [16]. Moreover, the fuzzy set theoretical approach to
BCH-algebras was extensively investigated by many re-
searchers on different aspects. For example, fuzzy n-fold
ideals [17], fuzzy closed ideals and fuzzy filters [18], filters
based on bipolar-valued fuzzy sets [19], and cubic sub-
algebras [20].
Jun et al. [21] combined the concepts of fuzzy sets and
soft sets, introduced the notion of hybrid structure in a set of
parameters over an initial universe set, and investigated
several properties. ey also introduced the concepts of
hybrid linear space, hybrid subalgebra, and hybrid field.
Moreover, hybrid structure applications have been studied
in semigroups (see [22–25] and references there in), and
recently, hybrid ideals of BCK � BCI-algebras were studied
in [26–29]. For more important terminologies, the readers
are referred to [30–36].
In the present paper, we present an application of fuzzy
set theory to an algebraic structure called, BCH-algebra. As
we know it algebraic structures play a prominent role in
mathematics with wide ranging applications in many
disciplines such as theoretical physics, computer sciences,
control engineering, information sciences, coding theory,
topological spaces, and the like. is provides sufficient
motivation to researchers to review various concepts and
results from the realm of abstract algebra in the broader
framework of fuzzy setting. e objective of this study is to
introduce the concept of hybrid subalgebras of BCH-
Hindawi
Security and Communication Networks
Volume 2021, Article ID 8960437, 8 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8960437