Research Article Open Access Machmudah et al., J Adv Chem Eng 2014, 5:1 DOI: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000117 Volume 5 • Issue 1 • 1000117 J Adv Chem Eng ISSN: 2090-4568 ACE an open access journal Subcritical Water Extraction of Xanthone from Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana Linn) Pericarp Siti Machmudah 1* , Qifni Yasa’ Ash Shiddiqi 1 , Achmad Dwitama Kharisma 1 , Widiyastuti 1 , Wahyudiono 2 , Hideki Kanda 2 , Sugeng Winardi 1 and Motonobu Goto 2* 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan Keywords: Mangosteen; Phenolic compound; Xanthone; Subcritical water; Extraction Introduction Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites, which are important determinants in the sensory and nutritional quality of fruits, vegetables and other plants. Tese compounds, one of the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals, are of considerable physiological and morphological importance in plants. As a large group of bioactive chemicals, they have diverse biological functions. Phenolics may act as phytoalexins [1,2], antifeedants, attractants for pollinators, contributors to plant pigmentation, antioxidants and protective agents against UV light, amongst others [3]. Tese bioactive properties made these compounds play an important role in plant growth and reproduction, providing an efcient protection against pathogens and predators [2,4], besides contributing to the color and sensory characteristics of fruits and vegetables [2,5]. Recently, the consumption of fruits which contained high in antioxidant properties has become popular due to the increasing public awareness of the health. Pericarps of the fruit have been used in folk medicine for the treatment of many human illnesses [6]. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn) is one of the fruits which used as an ingredient in commercial products including nutritional supplements, herbal cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. Tis fruit belongs to the family of Guttiferae and is known the queen of the fruit. Mangosteen is a tropical tree and cultivated for centuries in South East Asia rainforests, and can be found in many countries worldwide. Te major bioactive compounds found in mangosteens are phenolic acid, prenylated xanthone derivatives, anthocyanins, and procyanidins [6,7]. Xanthone is a kind of polyphenolic compounds that contain a distinctive chemical structure with a tricyclic aromatic ring. Tis compound had a variety of biological activity, for instance antioxidant, antibacterial, antiinfammatory, and anticancer efects [6,8]. Traditionally, xanthone is commonly obtained by extraction with organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone, hexane and methanol [6,9-12]. Tis extraction methods had several drawbacks; they are time consuming, laborious, have low selectivity and/or low extraction yields. Moreover, this technique employed large amounts of toxic solvents. In this work, water under subcritical conditions (100 to 200°C; 10 MPa) Abstract Subcritical water extraction of phenolic compounds from mangosteen pericarps was examined at temperatures of 120-180°C and pressures of 1-5 MPa using batch and semi-batch extractor. This method is a simple and environmentally friendly extraction method requiring no chemicals other than water. Under these conditions, there is possibility for the formation of phenolic compounds from mangosteen pericarps from decomposition of bounds between lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose via autohydrolysis. In both of systems, the total phenolic content inclusive xanthone increased with increasing extraction temperature. In batch-system, the maximum yield of xanthone was 34 mg/g sample at 180°C and 3 MPa with 150 min reaction time. The total phenolic content could approach to 61 mg/g sample at 180°C and 3 MPa with 150 min extraction time. The results revealed that subcritical water extraction is applicable method for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds from other types of biomass and may lead to an advanced plant biomass components extraction technology. *Corresponding authors: Siti Machmudah, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia, Tel: +62-31-5946240; Fax: +62-31-5999282; E-mail: machmudah@ chem-eng.its.ac.id Motonobu Goto, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo- cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Tel: +81-52-789-3991; Fax: +81-52- 789-3991; E-mail: mgoto@nuce.nagoya-u.ac.jp Received January 20, 2015; Accepted Februay 09, 2015; Published Februay 16, 2015 Citation: Machmudah S, Widiyastuti, Wahyudiono, Kanda H, Winardi S, et al. (2015) Subcritical Water Extraction of Xanthone from Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana Linn) Pericarp. J Adv Chem Eng 5: 117. doi: 10.4172/2090-4568.1000117 Copyright: © 2015 Machmudah S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. would be used to extract xanthone from mangosteen via autohydrolysis. Tis technique has received much attention in past several years, especially in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industry, because it presents an alternative for conventional processes such as organic solvent extraction, steam distillation and the low temperature separation process prevents the degradation of chemical compounds [11]. Under subcritical conditions, water may extract polar organic compounds or decompose lignocellulosic materials to produce valuable compounds such as saccharides and aromatic organic acids. Tis technique has been applied to recover protein and amino acids [13], and phenolic compounds [14]. Tis treatment has also been demonstrated by several studies to efectively convert cellulosic [15] and lignocellulosic biomass [16] into useful products. Experimental Section Materials Te fruits of mangosteen were purchased from the market in Surabaya, Indonesia. Tey were cleaned and the pericarps of mangosteen were separated and cut into small pieces by using mechanical device. Ten, the pericarps were dried in oven at 60°C for one or two days until it reached a constant weight. Next, the dried of pericarps was ground into fne homogeneous powder (around ± 0.65 mm) using millser. Journal of Advanced Chemical Engineering J o u r n a l o f A d v a n c e d C h e m i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ISSN: 2090-4568